Telomeres and Tumors Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Telomeres and Tumors - Research Paper Example At once, the DNA at the finishes of chromosomes appeared to be static. However in many creatures that have been examined, the tips, called telomeres, are quite transforming; they abbreviate and stretch repeatedly† (Glieder and Blackburn). Since the previous fifteen years, there have been surprising discoveries, regarding this change. Getting to the particulars, it has prompted the revelation of theastonishing catalyst, telomerase that follows up on telomeres and is viewed as a pre imperative for the upkeep of disease in individual. Geneticists, Barbara McClintock, of University of Missouri at Columbia, and Hermann J. Muller, from the University of Edinburgh, are credited with having accomplished broad work on the mind boggling subjects of telomeres and telomerase. These researchers workedunconnectedly and with disparate creatures, anyway them two understood that chromosomes were balanced out by a unique part on their finishes. â€Å"Muller instituted the term telomere, from th e Greek for end (telos) and part (meros). McClintock noticed that without these end tops, chromosomes stick to each other, experience basic changes and get into mischief in different manners. These exercises compromise the endurance and dedicated replication of chromosomes and, subsequently, of the cells lodging them.† (Glieder and Blackburn). ... â€Å"The watched heterogeneity drove Blackburn, who had moved to the University of California at Berkeley, Jack W. Szostak of Harvard University and Janis Shampay of Berkeley to propose another answer for what has been known as the end-replication problem† (Glieder and Blackburn). â€Å"In 1972 James D. Watson, working at both Harvard and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, noticed that DNA polymerases, the chemicals that duplicate DNA, couldn't duplicate straight chromosomes right to the tip. Consequently, the replication hardware needed to leave a little locale toward the end (a bit of the telomere) un-copied.† (Glieder and Blackburn). Hypothetically, if the phones couldn't repay for this accident, chromosomes would diminish in their particular lengths, with each degree of mitosis. The consumption consequently killing the telomeres and risky qualities in some gathering of the phones. The varieties in the length of telomere, for the researchers, were a pointer that cells m aintain telomeres at a consistent size, or possibly they attempt to. The telomeres decline long during mitosis, yet their length additionally increments as newly shaped subunits connect themselves to them. â€Å"The specialists associated that the source with these extra rehashes was some unfamiliar protein fit for a stunt that standard DNA polymerases couldn't perform.† (Glieder and Blackburn). â€Å"When cells duplicate their chromosomes, which comprise of two strands of DNA bent around one another, they start by isolating the twofold helix. The polymerases utilize each of these parentstrands as a format for developing another accomplice. The unique compound the laborers imagined would have the option to manufacture expansions to single strands of DNA without any preparation, without advantage of a current DNA template.† (Glieder

Recruitment, Selection and Training Process in McDonalds Essay

Enlistment, Selection and Training Process in McDonalds - Essay Example Compelling strategic policies, successful item separation procedure, talented workers and noteworthy client administrations are the center abilities of McDonalds. The HRM division of McDonald’s has attempted to keep up solid work environment condition through powerful HRM strategy usage. A viable authoritative structure, noteworthy HR strategies including enrollment and choice approaches and forms, and reasonable preparing and improvement program for the representatives bring have gotten proficiency the business procedure. Being one of the main MNCs, it is the duty of the association to keep up a sound working environment condition. The investigation will concentrate on enlistment, choice and preparing and advancement practices of McDonalds. Besides, the examination will feature the advantages of these SHRM rehearses. Enrollment Process Recruitment process assists with recognizing the necessities of associations to utilize some person up direct at which the types of utilizatio ns for the proper posts have shown up in the association (Arthur, 2012, p.32). Enlisting representatives to fill specific posts inside a business firm should be possible through inner and outer procedure. Usage of Steps and Stages Employing s reasonable individual in the reasonable spot at proper time is important for the main associations so as to rehearse powerful authoritative performances.... Execution of Steps and Stages Employing s reasonable individual in the reasonable spot at proper time is essential for the main associations so as to rehearse powerful authoritative exhibitions. Along these lines, it tends to be expressed that enrollment is one of the significant SHRM exercises. A powerful enrollment procedure should join following advances. McDonalds need to assemble data about the idea of the activity. The association ought to be educated about the activity obligation and its viability in the structure of the association. McDonalds need to create both occupation property and individual profile. The association needs to think about fitness, abilities, experience and information as the enrollment standards. At that point it is the obligation of the association to locate the appropriate candidates or people for the activity profile (Bowman, West and Wart, 2012, p.121). Staff referrals, work sharing and progression arranging can assist with finding the candidates. The enlistment procedure can be partitioned into two classifications, for example, outer and inner enrollment. Dealing with the application procedure is a key enlistment step. It is the last enrollment process. The enrollment chiefs need to screen all the application structures and continues of the candidates so as to sift through the appropriate candidates. Last however not the least; enrollment process redistributing will be a compelling procedure. It will push the association to minimiz4e time, cost and exertion. McDonalds need to actualize RPO so as to get speed and viability the enrollment procedure. Advantages of Recruitment Process Allocating opportune time and reasonable assets to choose the appropriate individual for a particular activity job have a few beneficial outcomes on the business procedure of an association. With

Market Security Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Security Valuation - Essay Example Features of Market Development in the Past Week Survey on ISM producing enrolled a development of 1.0. The development expanded moved from 53.4 to 54.4 recommending that assembling division has a consistent development (Payden and Rygel). FOMC Minutes posted a negative development in the market concerning past patterns. The market concern has concentrated on probability of FOMC Minute tumbling off in second quarter in 2012. ISM Non-Manufacturing overview enrolled a moderate development in the most recent month. The overview showed the patterns at 56.0 up from 57.0 and further 1.3, a tumble from February patterns, which remained at 57.3. Be that as it may, the pattern doesn't make any course of alert. Beginning Jobless Claims has posted a solid hold from the past pattern with 357,000 cases a week ago (Payden and Rygel). The perception recommends a proceeded with descending pattern. The budgetary market report proposes that the market is advancing admirably in light of the fact that an expansion in number of jobless going into the finance recommends a development in the currency advertise. The pattern recommends that a further drop in jobless case would happen when the market stays stable. The activity information recommends an improvement in US financial basics. Much of the time, increment in jobless cases means that incapacitating business sector. Major Global Releases and their Impacts Europe stock went somewhere around - 2.47%. Eastern Europe markets enlisted shifted results in the market. A review on the Manufacturing Purchasing Manager’s Index (PMI) showed an improvement in first quarter of 2012. An overview in Hungary’s PMI showed an upward pattern from 51.2 to 56.8 (Payden and Rygel). Experts accept the pattern watched was a direct result of increment sought after from outside players in the long stretch of March. Czech Republic enrolled a development in PMI from 50.5 to 52.1because of new requests and higher readings. Poland posted a deteri orated outcome as watched 50.0 to 50.1. The likely purpose behind the above outcome is the utilization conduct in the household showcase and prior shortcomings saw in the Euro territory (Baker& Nofsinger 554). The normal pattern for the PMI was over fifty, which a positive imprint is thinking about the patterns in the last quarter of 2011. Worldwide Currencies and Bonds Global bonds didn't post a functioning outcome during the week. Numerous financial specialists are hypothesizing to see the patterns in the following week. German Bund and Short dated UK Gilt didn't enroll any difference in showcasing patterns in Bank of England and ECB (Payden and Rygel). Spanish market showed an expanded obtaining due to selling of Spanish Government obligations. The perception will in general propose that Spanish can't tackle its financial issues without looking for fiscal help from IMF or EU. Further, perception shows that pressures made in the Spanish market impacted Portuguese and Italian o bligation markets. Then again, sovereign yields were solid over Bund in this week’s advertise. US cash picked up in the money advertise versus significant monetary forms in the US hold. Experts recommend that March FOMC US Federal Reverse’s meeting had a stake in the quantitative facilitating. The Draghi’s remark had an impact on debilitating of EUR. Australian dollar enrolled a persistent debilitating of greenback. The pattern has impacted Reserve Bank of Australia to make consistent rates hypothesizing of the progressions that are probably going to happen in the coming months. Developing Market Bonds The patterns saw in the market demonstrated that tight gains for rising dollar pay obligations. Standard and Poor remembered Uruguay for the Investment grade which reestablished

Vegetarian diets versus eating meat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Veggie lover eats less carbs as opposed to eating meat - Essay Example Other than the wellbeing point of view of eating vegetables, a nearby glance at the chicken creation in production line ranches gives us another explanation not to eat meat. As indicated by Scott Bronstein(1991) article on poultry investigation of the countries poultry plants, each week, a huge number of chicken releasing yellow puss, recolored defecation, debased by illnesses causing microscopic organisms, with lung, heart, and skin contaminations are delivered available to be purchased to customers. Scott proceeds with that, the winged animals are decapitated and gutted by ground-breaking machines. Defilements regularly happen now as the fast machines tear open the digestion tracts usually spilling the defecation on the meat and body holes. Such pollution is the thing that we eat the chicken we regularly buy. It's about time that people choose whether it is modest chicken or their wellbeing. I am supporting my feeling on a veggie lover diet. It a non-muddled position or choice. My supposition with respect to vegetarianism is that I support for vegetarianism, yet in addition a situation on more astute creature horticulture. It is likewise a position for the acknowledgment of a more omnivore diet. The wellbeing of our creatures items particularly production line meat is sketchy. The sullying and irregularities in following wellbeing conventions and guaranteeing the food items are of safe is a worry. In actuality, unmistakably a veggie lover diet may present less danger to our wellbeing contrasted with plant creature products.Despite the way that eating vegetable requires no utilization of dairy items, fish, fish, meat.

Real Options Theory in Strategic Management

Question: Examine about the Real Options Theory in Strategic Management. Answer: Woolworths constrained is a significant Australian organization, which has the specialization in the retailing part. The matter of this association is additionally famous in New Zealand. Eden Ackermann (2013) referenced that Woolworths is the second biggest association by income in Australia. Woolworths opened its first outlet in the time of 1924 in Sydney. Then again, Woolworths has additionally market chain in Australia possessed by Woolworths restricted. The Headquarter of this organization is at Bella Vista, New South Wales, Australia. Woolworths structure a duopoly advertise in the Australian general stores, alongside the bookkeeping of 80% of the Australian grocery store. Woolworths has the specialization is the selling staple goods, for example, vegetables, natural products, meat, bundled nourishments and so forth. Woolworths by and by works 980 stores all through the Australia. In this association, it very well may be expressed that a portion of the Woolworths grocery stores exchange as Safeway store. The stores are situated in Victoria, comprising three outlets in Melbournes rural areas just as in the encompassing regions. Then again, four stores are additionally arranged in country area of Victoria and in the southern New South Wales. As indicated by Rothaermel (2015), it very well may be referenced that Woolworths has started steadfastness conspire, which incorporate an enormous number of motivations for buying stores by financing the petroleum costs at the Caltex Woolworths gas stations. Unexpectedly, the organization has declared lost $1.235 billion in the time of 2016. Because of the loss of $2 billion in experts business and in Big W organiza tions, the presentation of Woolworths has diminished in 2016. Recognize and assess the associations current methodology So as to examine the business procedure of an association, it is important to talk about the objective of the association. The objective of the matter of Woolworths is to offer need to the buyers of the association at the main position. To accomplish this business objective, Woolworths has planned to the five business systems. Woolworths construct a buyer and store drove culture and group. Also, it figures economical deals force in basic food item. Thirdly, this association develops beverages to the business so as to give more valuation and accommodation to the buyers. Fourthly, Woolworths enable the portfolio business to follow the association techniques so as to convey the investors valuation. Finally, Barney Hesterly (2015) opined that Woolworths become a lean retailer as far as start to finish technique. All the more explicitly, it tends to be referenced that the business methodology of Woolworths is engaged upon the three significant standards, for example, offer, development and effectiveness. According to the guideline of offer, Woolworths is improving the essential proposal to guarantee that the buyers put the organization first. The development methodology features the business advancements to accomplish the necessities of the buyers. In conclusion, the productivity is useful to make the further purchaser valuation by organizing achievement. Likewise, Morschett, Schramm-Klein Zentes (2015) refered to that productivity technique additionally follow to execute the lean retail model in their business. Furthermore, it very well may be expressed Woolworths has meant to the structure of retail tem, who are tuning in to the buyers, other colleagues and furthermore the providers. Along these lines, in this reason, it very well may be referenced that Woolworths constantly attempted to offer need to the partners of the association. Furthermore, the association additionally engaged to gather day by day input from the buyers, which can make the presentation of the association better from the past. Accordingly, the group of Woolworths consistently planned to improve the shopping experience of the buyers. The beverage business of Woolworths, for example, Dan Murphy and BWS consistently intended to execute development in their business so as to give the ideal valuation just as accommodation to the customers, in their outlets and in on the web. From the above figure, it very well may be seen that the business methodology of Woolworths is relying on five fundamental segments. They for the most part function as a group. In this regard, Morden (2016) referenced to keep up their collaboration, correspondence among the administration and the laborers require to be more prominent. Furthermore, they attempted to lessen the cost of the items so as to make the business effective. The buyers are happy to buy the items from this organization. In this unique situation, Frynas Mellahi (2015) opined that Woolworths constantly engaged to the new evaluating and the worth system, which can kill the opposition with Coles and Aldi. The business execution of Coles and Aldi additionally have an effect on the deals of Woolworths. Woolworths incorporate lower estimating and better going. In this manner, it very well may be referenced that the key idea of Woolworths with respect to the evaluating structure of the items can be portrayed as higher c aliber and better cost. Additionally, it very well may be noticed that to make a business fruitful, the association requires to keep update their items. Subsequently, Woolworths planned to build up their durable image so as to grow their business more in the national market just as in the worldwide markets. They likewise give their shoppers offers on the selling items. This can expand the deals of the association. Besides, Woolworths likewise offer the buyers steadfastness program. This association now and then gives limits to their clients, with the goal that they feel intrigued to buy the items from their stores. Changing business system: According to the announcement of Carroll, Primo Richter (2016), it tends to be expressed that the matter of retailing areas never stop. This is the motivation behind why Woolworths consistently change their business methodology according to the changing industry condition. It is relying on the interest of the buyers. Woolworths are reacting this new period by following three habits: They are putting their customers at the core of the association. They are listening what is the shoppers prerequisites. In conclusion, they expected to make new and inventive procedures to shop with them and make a drawn out relationship with the organization. The future exchange: Woolworths has intended to execute portable innovation in the business. In this unique situation, Stead (2013) opined that the majority of the shoppers are eager to buy the items through online rather visiting the store. Accordingly, the buyers can buy items from every one of the edge of the world. Clients need to move easily among physical and the virtual stores in this term. Furthermore, Woolworths incorporate sites, versatile applications, conveyance choices and the virtual stores. It very well may be recognized that Woolworths serves around 18 million shoppers in every one of the week and they esteem every one of the customers. The association remunerates their dependability to gain the buyers. Moreover, Woolworths intends to give special cash off suggestion. As indicated by Hubbard, Rice Galvin (2014), Woolworths reward program is the most appealing general store faithfulness program of Australia. It gives the individuals from the association the limit of winning Woolworths doll ars just as get cash off their shopping. Then again, it very well may be added that Woolworths attempted to speak with the shoppers and they listen the purchasers so as to give them need. In this reason, they attempted to take input from the customers so as to improve their presentation and the buyer encounters. Besides, Certo et al., (2016) refered to that shopper talkback is another activity. With the assistance of this methodology, the purchasers can give the criticism legitimately to the administration of Woolworths. Subsequently, a superior comprehension between the administration and the partners has created. Woolworths has built up a relationship of trust with the partners so as to make a drawn out relationship. Also, Trigeorgis Reuer (2017) referenced that this retail association concentrated on the three essential business systems, for example, cooperation, decency and the sources. Worth chain exercises of Woolworths: Woolworths statement of purpose is endeavors to give the clients the freshest items. Along these lines, all the worth making elements of this organization engaged with the conveyance of firms guarantees: Woolworths controls the circulation system of the assembling merchandise. Inside these exercises there are two compelling capacities, for example, Procurement and calculated. Acquirement Nationalize the buying conduct so as to meet the greater expense reserve funds. The rigid affirmation strategy guarantees more prominent nature of items. Calculated Proprietorship and the operational control engaged with the circulation chain. Utilizing of present day innovation, which guarantees the ideal circulation effectiveness just as the cost cutting (Davidsson, Wennberg McKelvie, 2016). The two essential exercises of activities are quality evaluation and the stock administration. Quality appraisal manages the normalize creation, which can distinguish and afterward expel the analyst items from the assembling items. Vogel Gttel (2013) opined that stock administration can anticipate whether the interest for the retail items will be expanded or diminished. So as to build deals, Woolworths principally meant to follow two exercises, for example, in store advancement and the authoritative dynamism. According to the idea off in store advancement, the association can accomplish the momentary deals, while authoritative dynamism centered to the persistent venture approach in the purchaser inquire about. The association can likewise effectively contend with the others in the market. Assess the appropriateness of the hierarchical business system So as to distinguish and assess the associations current business system of Woolworths, it is important to talk about the outside and thee interior fac

Prof. Jeff Karp and his gecko-inspired band-aid

Prof. Jeff Karp and his gecko-inspired band-aid Update on 8/19/2008: Prof. Jeff Karp has been recognized as one of Technology Reviews Top 35 Innovators Under 35 for 2008. The metallic blue hue of morpho butterflies, the super water-resistant Lotus leaf, the highly maneuverable fins of the Bluegill sunfish: all of these natural wonders have inspired scientists to innovate. When a group of MIT researchers wanted to create the next and best surgical band-aid, they turned their attention to the gecko. Geckos can scale smooth walls at a whopping three feet per second, and in last decade scientists have begun to understand how these little lizards can defy gravity. It turns out that gecko feet have millions of little projections, called setae, that split into hundreds of projections shaped like spatulas. Each of these tips can attach to smooth surfaces by taking advantage of intermolecular forces, which are individually relatively weak and unstable but can combine to generate enough force to allow a gecko to hang upside-down from one foot. The initial discovery of the science behind the gecko’s stickiness (Nature 405, 681-685 (8 June 2000)) got a lot of attention, and people proposed applications like making tape to stick equipment to the space station. But Prof. Jeffrey Karp, an investigator in the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program, came up with a different application when he happened to come across the Nature paper on a friend’s desk. He decided to create a better surgical adhesive by mimicking the nanotopography of the gecko’s foot using a strong, water-resistant, flexible, and biodegradable polymer. This innovation would be as simple to use as a band-aid, and would be a huge improvement upon current biomedical adhesives like medical-grade crazy glue that causes inflammation and other, less sticky alternatives. Like all things, this was easier said than done. Two and half years and a million dollars later, Karp and his collaborators had made a new polymer called poly(glycerol-co-sebacate acrylate), created a mold for the polymer using the same processes that are used to make computer chips, utilized some tricks to make the polymer biodegradable and nearly invisible to the immune system, and tested these nifty band-aids on pig intestine in the lab and in the peritoneal cavity of live rats. Lo and behold, it worked! Karp attributes the success of the gecko adhesive project to a multidisciplinary team that included nanofabrication experts from Draper Laboratory, Surgeons and biocompatibility experts from the Massachusetts General Hospital, and polymer chemists and mechanical engineers at MIT. They’re now working on taking this invention into the clinic, where it can be used to replace stitches and sutures. Since the gecko-inspired adhesive does not require repeated re-alignment of the tissue being patched together, it can reduce the time a patient spends in surgery. Additionally, it can be utilized to connect pieces of the colon in patients with Crohn’s disease, or to patch lungs without worrying about air leaks, or even to deliver drugs to parts of a heart that might have died after a heart attack. If all goes well, this bio-inspired adhesive will be found in a hospital near you in less than five years. The translation from bench to bedside is what Jeff Karp’s all about. He focuses on attacking big problems and has a strong commitment to developing solutions that will help patients. Prof. Karp knew that he wanted to be a bioengineer in college, and decided to study Chemical Engineering at McGill University in order to have the opportunity to learn and practice problem solving and also leave the door open to many career paths. As an undergrad, he was actively involved with research and even published a paper. After getting a PhD at the University of Toronto, he came to MIT as a postdoctoral researcher to work in the world-renown lab of biomedical engineer and Institute Professor Robert Langer. (We’ve written about him numerous times on these blogs, including Paul’s experiences with working there. How are Langer Lab alums so successful? Karp attributes it to Langer’s inspirational leadership, his freedom of thought, and creativity.) Like his role-model, Karp strives to train the next generation of bioengineering leaders. As such, he has many undergraduates and high school students working in his lab. He tries to have 5-10 undergrads in the lab at any given time, and this summer he will be mentoring three high school students who will be coming to MIT from all over the country. In fact, he was recognized as MITs 2008 UROP Faculty Mentor of the Year! I spoke with one of his UROPs, Shan Tie ‘10, who said she found the lab through the UROP website: “I looked under the project openings and looked for titles that were relevant to my interests and were interesting. I had several interviews with different labs and I finally decided this one because the [Principal Investigator] seemed really personally involved with each project and work itself dealt with techniques I was familiar with and could continue a project.” Since the fall of 2007, she has been studying hydrogel polymers that could be used as micro-environm ental sensors. For all of you who fret about not having research experience, have no fear. Dr. Karp hires freshman very frequently and says that experience is not a limiting factor. In particular, he tries to find students who have motivation, drive, passion, the ability to work in a team (e.g. experience on a sports team), and creativity (e.g. mastery of an instrument). Once students join the lab, he pairs them with a senior scientist and encourages them to develop their own experiments, learn from their failures, and regularly exercise critical thinking. Karp referred to a friend who called Boston the “Academic Hollywood,” where stars in every field could be found. With three of the top hospitals in the world and some of the best universities, Boston is the perfect place to conduct interdisciplinary research that will change the face of medicine, science, and technology. Projects like the gecko-inspired surgical adhesive are a testament to the strength of the faculty and students at MIT, and you can be a part of it!

Cost-Benefit Analysis matrix - 1650 Words

Cost-Benefit Analysis matrix (Essay Sample) Content: Project ManagementName:Course:Instructor:Date: Cost-Benefit Analysis matrix Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is considered before adopting a new human resource information system (HRIS), and this takes into account the cost implication related to acquisition of service and the benefits (Director, Cascio Boudreau, 2013). Organizations that choose outsourcing the payroll system instead of the existing internal payroll system are more likely to have cost reductions and better revenue enhancements, if the process of sourcing is aligned with the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s needs. Since the employees are focused on other equally important aspects of the business, they are able to be more productive by engaging in other activities outsourced the payroll system. Another direct cost reduction is that there are fewer penalties associated with later filing of taxes, this is especially in cases where there are either incorrect or late filings. In any case, outsourcing involves compete nt staff who specialize indifferent areas and they are better placed avoid penalty notices. The outsourcing company facilitates online filing system as well as reimbursement, potentially saving the company time and costs to follow-up on reimbursements. At the same time, the outsourced company can act as an agent of the organization and improve branding while also displaying the logo of the organization on access pages. Through integrating the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s human resource information system, the outsourced company relies on technology to improve productivity and improving the Return on Investment (ROI) (HR Focus, 2005). This is especially important for companies with limited technology, where it is easier to outsource to a company that has better suited payroll software and updated tax filing systems.Risks in integrating new payroll system and risks mitigation One of the risks associated with integrating the new payroll system is that there is difficulty in data integrati on (Jennifer, 2007). This challenge may affect the organization especially when the employees are not well conversant with the new payroll system. At the same time, the systems may be incompatible in some areas, while the older version of the payroll system may still not be well suited to capture new changes in the payroll system. The users of the payroll system should ideally be able to use and generate relevant information using the integrated payroll system. At the same time, when there is resistance to change, implementing and integrating the new system may be harder to achieve, making it unlikely that there will be effective data integration. Even though integrating the new payroll system seeks to improve the effectiveness and efficiency, there is an element of implementation task. The implementation risk affects the way the employees are able to integrate the new features without facing major difficulties in using the payroll system (Jennifer, 2007). There is a need to underst and the duration, components as well as the complexity of the new system before there is improved implementation. Both change and tradition management are essential to the success of the integrated system. Managing the implementation risk also seeks to improve the running of the system to avoid delays at work. Another risk that may occur over time is the ongoing risks related to the system maintenance over the time when the system will be in place. In order to further improve the payroll system effectiveness, there is a need for further upgrades, patching as well as ongoing maintenance. Essentially, the ongoing risk results from uncertainties about the future and likely changes that should be taken into account when improving performance in a work environment with uncertainties. In any case, additional functionality requirements cannot be reliably predicted as technology changes over time, while it is also important to monitor changes related to the service levels. In order to re duce the impact of implementation risk, then there is a need to focus on training as well as planning to facilitate proper integration with the existing system. At the same time, open communication should be encouraged to improve the working environment and collaboration with employees and suppliers. Conducting an HR audit also aligns employment practices with goals (Anonymous, 2007). To ensure that there is a better data integration, the project team needs to ensure that there is proper transition management allowing the staff to transition smoothly from one system to the other. To mitigate the ongoing risks, the management needs to improve monitoring of ongoing costs, staffing levels and functionality requirements in line with the changing human resource management system needs. Gantt chart (project schedule) for outsourcing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s payroll system The Gantt chart will give an overview of the work flow in the payroll system, while also itemizing steps to be undertak en in creating the payroll system. The Gantt chart facilitates tracking of tasks as well as identification of missing steps or bottleneck activities. Study process This involves understanding the payroll policies to facilitate successful implementation of a project.Documentation This takes into account documentation of payroll process procedures on a monthly basis as well as using past reports and pay slips to design the payroll system.Giving recommendation The outsourced company then gives recommendation best practice to in order to improve efficiency, while also customizing the systems.Designing input forms This involves collaboration with the client with the client using the forms to facilitate payroll processing depending on the client needs.Schedule preparation This takes into account the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s payroll transactions to facilitate better integration,Requirement findings This task involves gathering functional information on past reports as well as statutory requirem ents and documenting requirements.Data conversion This focuses on defining the tasks and deliverables necessary for converting employee database, while also defining the requirements needed for the conversion.Test running This task assesses whether the payroll captures the relevant information and is accurate, and this is possible by comparing results with that of the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s past payroll application.TrainingThe outsourced company provides training to potential client users.Implementing Implementation occurs upon running the system and ensuring that the payroll system is suitable for the company.Advantages of using a Gantt chart versus PERT) and critical path method (CPM)The Gantt chart helps in scheduling activities allowing one to understand dependent activities as well as schedule parallel tasks (Johnson et al., 2006). Even though, PERT and CPM cal also show the time taken in different tasks, the Gantt chart allows one to assess the progress of a project better than th e other two techniques. Additionally, this facilitates the setting of realistic time frames as activities that do not benefit the project are excluded as they consume unnecessary resources and time. Another benefit of the Gantt chart over CPM and PERT is that it is highly visible making it easier to understand and identify the objectives of the project through visual representations (MilosÃÅ'Å’evicÃÅ' , 2003). Disadvantages of using a Gantt chart versus PERT) and critical path method (CPM)While using the Gantt chart it is harder to assess the resources and tasks required, and hence the approach does not capture all the relevant information to improving project management. On the other hand, the critical path analysis does focus on time in individual tasks. Since projects do change there is a need to update the Gantt chart, but it is more involving to update the Gantt chart when taking into account the changes in the dependent tasks (MilosÃÅ'Å’evicÃÅ' , 2 003). The Gantt charts are suitable for small projects, unlike PERT they do not show uncertainty during activities, and hence are not applicable for larger projects. At the same time, the approach does not show activity dependency unlike the network analysis techniques, since Gantt shows merely depict the scheduled activities.Feedback loops and the new payroll system Feedback relates to information in a system that helps in making changes to the in...