Interview About My Grandma And My Pastor - 1307 Words

For this assignment, I chose to interview my grandma and my pastor. My grandma (my dad’s mom) lives in Yakima, Washington and is 80 years old. My pastor is 65 years old and lives in Duncan, Oklahoma. My grandma said this interview was fun and made her think. She lost her husband when she was 71 years old. She lives alone and is responsible for all of her personal care needs such as hygiene, house cleaning, and yard work. She has a neighbor from her church that helps her with any work that involves using a ladder. Her grocery shopping and meal preparation hasn’t changed too much, but she tries to eat healthy and is a lifetime member of weight watchers. She had her left knee replaced and is having her right one done this summer. Her knees†¦show more content†¦She lives by honesty and integrity. She tries to please and honor God in all she does. The best age of her life was 47. She moved to Edmonds, Washington, had a great job, and went on a trip to Hawaii with her parents and both of her brothers. She was also in good health and able to still run a marathon. The president she admires the most is Ronald Regan because he lifted the spirits of the nation and was also h er governor in California. My pastor’s answers are very diverse from my grandmas. He is responsible for all his personal care needs, but his wife does the cooking and cleaning. He does not have any trouble doing these things. His grocery shopping and eating habits have not changed. The only body change he has noticed is that his body aches more and his joints are stiff and inflamed. He takes anti-inflammatory medication everyday along with extra strength Advil to manage knee pain. He goes to the doctor about 4-5 times a year. His social life hasn’t changed much. He and his wife pastor our church so they are very social and they also have a small ranch. They are extremely busy people and he says he works more now than he did 10 years ago. He is not retired and he doesn’t intend to retire. He said he doesn’t do a whole lot of activities because most of his time is spent in the church or on the ranch. His exercise consists of manual work everyday; working with cattle, plowing cropland, building corrals, fencing, and gardening. He said â€Å"you name it, there is plentyShow MoreRelatedReflection About Religious Beliefs1868 Words   |  8 Pagesdefault. My parents grew up in a time and place where it was seemingly the only option. Growing up, religious traditions, like praying, were often very cursory in nature. However, I never doubted my parents’ belief in a higher power. My religious beliefs have been shaped by many events and moments of self-reflection. Today, I look back and I can see just how much the actions and beliefs of different people has shaped what I believe today. The people I will focus on in this essay are my grandmother

Being Transgender And Being Transracial - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 895 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? Over the years gender has been a problem in our society that we cannot avoid. We live in a society based on two and only two sex categories (male and female) leading to sex itself being a socially constructed category. Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristic of men and women, such as roles, norms and relationships of and between them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Being Transgender And Being Transracial" essay for you Create order Many questions come into play on what does sex mean in terms of your gender role as a man or a woman? Betsy Lucal writes about her lived experiences with gender bending, where a persons physical appearance does not fit in the two acceptable sex categories and whether you try not to do gender, others will do it for you. This paper illustrates why I agree with Lucals argument, an objection to Lucals argument and being transgender doesnt mean you can be transracial. First and Foremost, according to Lucals argument of gender being persistent in our society to where we cannot avoid it, is very true. Men are known to be strong individuals who support and defend their families, whereas; women are gentle, motherly, kind and giving. The two genders are believed to be separate with different traits and born with different qualities. This is not true because as a culture we have established and defined these gender roles over times which seems natural to us now. There are many ladies with masculine features and at first sight, the casual observer may carelessly assign them to the opposite gender; the case is replicated among the males who do not have the perceived masculine features. Both men and women have body hair and while it is regular for the male to keep the hair, females get rid of it. There are women who dont want to get rid of their hair but does that make them not a woman anymore? Lucal experienced this dilemma and more daily which is very di sturbing to her. The assumption that she is a man is upsetting, the panic in the ladies eyes every time she enters a ladys restroom, the need to double check her identity every time she identifies herself and the whispers about her is irritating. I agree with the Lucal, that while we are biologically assigned a certain gender, we do not have to necessarily appear like what the society expects us to. In addition to agreeing with Lucal on gender performance, in the text she states how she tried to appear more feminine, I let my hair grow nearly down to my shoulders and had it permed, I also grew long fingernails and wore nail polish (Lucal 789). To lessen Lucals experiences of gender blending as experiences of harassment, she fails to recognize the issue she is trying to indorse. Although this objection was given, she chooses in the end to not participate in femininity. Lucal also stated, why I decided to continue my nonparticipation in femininity was that my sociological training suggested that this could be one of my contributions to the eventual dismantling of patriarchal gender constructs (Lucal 793). Lucal seems to feel liberated by her experiences because she feels she is helping to deconstruct an unbending and harmful binary. She would respond to this by expanding the category of woman to include people like her in our gender system because she does identify herself as a wo man and not as a man or as someone outside of the two and only two categories. Lastly, basing Lucals argument that gender is a social construct we are left with the questions to whether the same applies to race. Both are socially constructed that often determine how individuals are viewed and treated by others and where each person falls in an unbending and oppressive hierarchy. There have been cases of people who belong to a certain race and their genes are of a certain race, but they claim feeling trapped in a different skin color. While Lucal was right in the gender assignment case, the transracial case is a bit far-fetched. Lucals experiences are a product of gender and not the color of her skin white. What I strongly disagree with is the notion that a person who is transgender can also be transracial. The fact that a person is biologically of a certain race and deep inside he or she feels that they belong to another race is completely wrong. The idea stems from racism and the portrayal of a certain race being superior to another. People who exhibit this co ndition are reverse racists who believe that if they were of a different race they would automatically get the privileges that the new race enjoy. All in all, gender and race are both social constructs but that does not mean that they are both morally acceptable. We are biologically assigned to a certain gender, but we do not have to appear like what society expects us to. It is unlikely that gender is biologically determined because learning gender is a social practice that begins before a child is even born. I agree with Betsy Lucal upon gender being so persuasive in our society, although I have made an objection to her gender bending and lastly, I disagree with someone being transracial, even if they were transgender. Gender was constructed by society and has placed limitations and restrictions on those that do not follow the gender rules.

The Factors of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay

The Factors of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post traumatic stress disorder occurs after a person is exposed to a terrifying ordeal which causes either grave physical or psychological harm where harm was threatened. It can become an extremely debilitating disorder to the persons life. The person can have problems interacting in social and family life, occupational instability and the breakdown of marriages can occur. The disorder is triggered after traumatic events such as violent personal assaults such as mugging or rape, or to family, natural disasters such as earthquakes, accidents such as car crashes, human disasters such as 9/11 and after military combat such as the soldiers who fought in†¦show more content†¦Stimulus generalisation is the tendency for stimuli similar to an original stimulus involved in a learning situation to produce the response originally acquired. Behavioural psychologists suggest that a person produces a fear reaction to the trauma situation; this fear is then produced again in response to a similar stimulus, due to classical conditioning. Evidence for this theory was produced by Pavlov (1927) who conducted experiments were dogs were presented with stimuli that elicited fear responses. The dogs associated these stimuli with particular environmental cues. When these stimuli were produced in front of the dogs the fear response was expressed. Evidence against the theory is that classical conditioning cannot be the only mechanism involved in PTSD, since not everyone who is exposed to a traumatic event develops the disorder. Cognitive explanation PTSD evolve due to a person not processing the traumatic memories. Not processing the memories occurs due to the person keeping busy with socially valued life roles. Therefore the memories do not get integrated into a persons view about the world. To stop the symptoms of PTSD the cognitive explanation suggests that people must process their traumatic experiences and integrate them into their world views, once they have thought about their experience the responses associated with it will go.Show MoreRelatedIron M Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1187 Words   |  5 Pages Iron Man: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Michael Mills The Field School Mental disorders have been a problem around the world for many centuries. There are many different types of mental disorders as well as degree level that people can suffer from. Many people go through life never being diagnosed or treated for their mental disorder. Some people are diagnosed with multiple disorders at one time. One mental illness that has been around since the 1600’s, thatRead MoreHolden Caulfield Is On His Own Psychological Journey1450 Words   |  6 Pagestriggered by the traumatic event of his brother, Allie, dying 4 years prior. The death of Allie has affected Holden in all aspects of his life, including friends, school, actions, and thoughts. This causes concern in Holden’s parents. They are concerned with his health and well-being, therefore send Holden to a rehab center. His parents fear that Holden may have Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder, and have him psychoanalyzed. So, Holden struggles with post-traumatic stress disorder because he showsRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MoreSupport System For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1549 Words   |  7 PagesSystem to Post Traumatic Stress disorder Patient in U. S. Debora Anderson Augusta Technical College Running head: SUPPORT SYSTEM TO POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PATIENT IN U. S. Debora Anderson Support System to Post Traumatic Stress disorder Patients in America Post-traumatic stress syndrome is an anxiety disorder that differs from other disorders due to its origin, or traumatic event. The severity, duration, and proximity to the event are some risk factors of the disorder. Post-traumaticRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1496 Words   |  6 Pages Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological reaction to experiencing or witnessing a significantly stressful, traumatic, or shocking event. Did you know that one in three returning troops are being diagnosed with Post-traumatic stress disorder and less than 40% will seek help (PTSD Foundation of America). When people think of PTSD they automatically assume it just has to do with war veterans. But what people dont know is that children and teens all over theRead MoreZiek Sanchez. Massie And Perry . Pd. 3. April 12, 2017.1113 Words   |  5 PagesZiek Sanchez Massie and Perry Pd. 3 April 12, 2017 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder From The Vietnam War The Vietnam war was one of the most alarming and dangerous wars to fight. Every step in the Vietnam jungle was taken cautiously. The guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong was frightening to anticipate. The majority of the United States army was only that of young men who had been chosen through the draft. Young men going to school and living a life at home in safety all the sudden having to makeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MoreThe Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt )808 Words   |  4 Pagesintervention approach in counseling, cognitive behavior therapy is used to assist in managing clients who are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of the needs assessment is to pinpoint the needs for counselors to assist clients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The population of interest is teens diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The stakeholders are teenagers and their parents. Goal of the Needs Assessment The guiding question that needsRead More Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pages There are hundreds of different kinds of psychiatric disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). One of them is called Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Based on the research, post-traumatic disorder usually occurs following the experience or witnessing of life-threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters, terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like rape (Harvard Women’s Health Watch, 2005)Read MoreA Brief Note On The Traumatic Stress Disorder1568 Words   |  7 PagesPost- traumatic stress disorder often get looked over by doctors and people go untreated. With passing time the fear might go away, but what happen when the constant fear take over. That was the case for a student in a psychology class I was taking. The instructor was going over anxiety and a young ma n told the class about how when he was in the army. The car he and some of the other soldiers was driving, they were doing the daily drive they accidentally drove over a bomb that explode the front of

Body Modification for Cultural Adaptation Essay - 1277 Words

How should I look like to have the ideal body? An increasing number of women ask themselves this question many times in their lives. Deborah Sullivan’s essay, â€Å"Social Bodies: Tightening the Bonds of Beauty†, discloses the different cultural traditions that require various methods of body modifications. Women should undergo such modifications to obtain social acceptance. Similarly, â€Å"Pressures to Conform† by Celia Milne discusses the effects of media and society on women, and how women view their physical appearance. The media gives women a plethora of choices for the perfect body and even provides ways on how to achieve them. There is no escaping. There is no excuse of not getting the ideal body that ranges from that of a stick-thin ramp†¦show more content†¦Women’s physical appearance change with their roles in society. From homemakers with feminine, hourglass figures, women eventually filled positions in offices and went to work. It was in 1941 to 1951 that one of the surges in the clerical work was â€Å"accompanied by a clear feminization trend† (A History of Women and Work 10). Later, the number of single mothers increased. Women learned to take on responsibilities that are usually shared with another parent. As Sullivan quoted Hewitt, â€Å"the acute awareness of feeling alive induced by pain† replaces their psychological issues with a â€Å"euphoric feeling of mastery† (544). Undergoing strenuous activities to stay fit to the extent of getting underweight gives a feeling that could be similar to that attained from painful body modifications like tattooing. In order for single mothers to be able to fulfill their duties at work and at home, they had to build stronger physiques. This also doubles as a confidence boost to remind them that they are capable of doing well in raising their families. This body requirement could eventually become obsessing. As members of society, women want to feel that they belong. They strive to fit in by following trends and acceptable appearance. Some would disagree with this statement and say that people decide to do things at their own dispositions, and not because of the social norms. Sullivan mentioned that Susan Bordo argues that certain body modifications done to oneself is an exercise ofShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Human Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe history of human culture is a continuous development of the social world and the natural world. Their identity is realized through the system of signs and symbols. The symbolic signification of a wide range of cultural events and facilities helps in streamlining human living space in all periods of its development and existence. Signs and symbols are one of the most meaningful concepts in culture. They represent a universal category, which implies a juxtaposition of the objective image and itsRead MoreCallis ta Roy : The Roy Adaptation Model1864 Words   |  8 PagesCallista Roy: The Roy Adaptation Model During the 1970’s, Sister Callista Roy was a young graduate student in the midst of developing a new theoretical framework for nursing practice. Her experiences and studies led her to form the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM). Roy’s model identifies people as adaptive systems in a holistic manner. The essential elements of her model include adaptation, the person, the environment, health, and the goal of nursing (Roy, 2009). Modes of adaptation are further brokenRead MoreCultural and Linguistic Issues Impacting Psychological Assessment670 Words   |  3 Pagesconsidered in addition to psychological assessment to generate the most accurate results. No individual is exactly the same, therefore a standarized assessment tool will remain flawed. 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Critique on Distinctive Features Free Essays

Andrew Ike B. Waga ENG 106 Dec. 14, 2011 2010-53632 Trubetzkoy, Jakobson or Chomsky, Whose Distinctive Features are truly â€Å"Distinct†? â€Å"Teacher, teacher, Help me, I have just been side swiped by a car! † These were the exact words that came out from the mouth of the school’s resident hooligan, Kevin, one afternoon after class. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique on Distinctive Features or any similar topic only for you Order Now During those times, our school has been intensively campaigning for every student to speak English at least while on campus, in preparation for the coming PAASCU (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges) visit, we were so prepped up that we were even speaking in English outside school â€Å"just in case the Assessors are just loitering around, observing† our teachers would say. So one afternoon, after finding not much to do, Kevin, decided he wanted to show his antics to us, saying that he is planning to pull off a prank on our school’s English Coordinator, and our class adviser as well, we had a carefully laid out plan, he would be rushing from the street towards our school gate while we convince our teacher to approach the gate as well, and then he shouted, the exact words on quotation, except that he pronounced swiped as /s? ?pd/. Our teacher, knowing Kevin’s reputation, was already sensing that she was a bait to a good laugh, calmly yet in an authoritarian manner said, â€Å"side swipe! s? aIp/ Next time, Kevin, try pronouncing the words well, so as not to lose your momentum, there’s always a next time! † with her signature smirk. I remembered this incident while reading about Natural classes, I am very sure that my teacher knew what Kevin meant, since all of us thought that Kevin’s pronunciation of that word was corre ct as far as we were concerned, until the jokes went back to Kevin. Growing up in a city that speaks Cebuano, it is inevitable for some English words to get that â€Å"bisaya† flavour, like the occasional /p/ becomes an /f/ or the letter h is pronounced as /? ? / and many more, but nevertheless, besides deviating from what we know as a â€Å"standard† for American English, we pretty much understood each other despite the glitches. And so I thought, why was it necessary to dwell on the distinctive features of sounds when the main importance has been served, comprehension. But then, I had to understand that it is necessary so that I would know just how these sounds are related to be viewed as almost interchangeable, just how â€Å"similar† was similar? Hence, we go to the distinctive features of sounds. In dealing with Distinctive features, I focused first on the work of Trubetzkoy, most people would start with Jakobson before Trubetzkoy but I saw that it was Trubetzkoy who first saw Phonetics and Phonology as separate disciplines. He mentioned that form (contrast, system patterning) must be studied separately from substance (acoustics, articulation). Hence, there was a greater concentration on sounds first before they are seen as words. It was Trubetzkoy who introduced the idea of â€Å"oppositions† in Phonology which he mentioned in his primary work, GrundzUge der phonologie  (1939). Oppositions would refer to a pair or set of sounds sharing the same feature that is not shared with any other sounds. Here are some of Trubetzkoy’s Oppositions: a) Bilateral oppositions A bilateral opposition refers to a pair sounds that share a set of features which no other sound shares fully. For example, voiceless labial obstruents =  /p,f/. Note that obstruents are defined as having a degree of stricture greater than that of approximants (that is, stops and fricatives). b) Multilateral oppositions A group of more than 2 sounds which share common features. For example, labial obstruents,/p,b,f,v/, are both labial and obstruents, so they share two features. c) Privative (Binary) Oppositions One member of a pair of sounds possesses a mark, or feature, which the other lacks. Such features are also known as  binary  features which a sound either possesses or lacks. Voicing is such a feature. A sound is voiced or NOT voiced. The sound which possesses that feature is said to be  marked  (eg  [+voice]) whilst the sound lacking the feature is  unmarked  (eg. [-voice]). d) Gradual Oppositions The members of a class of sounds possess different degrees or gradations of a feature or property. For example, the three short front unrounded vowels in English  /? ,  e,  ? /  which are distinguished only by their height. In this system height would be a single feature with two or more degrees of height. As of present times, when Chomsky and Halle’s set of Distinctive features are accessible to us, this would seem very broad and general, hence, not really dwelling into more specific details. But this jumpstarted the notion that sounds share similar qualities and it is crucial for the development of his friend, Jakobson’s own Distinctive Feature Theory. Jakobson is known as the first one to formalize the Distinctive Feature Theory. He followed the findings of Trubetzkoy as one of his basis for building up his set of distinctive features. Jakobson’s original formulation of the Distinctive Feature Theory aside from Trubetzkoy was based on the ff. Ideas: (1) All features are BINARY. Sounds are either [+voice] or [-voice] (2) A small set of features is able to differentiate between the phonemes of any single language. (3) Distinctive features may be defined in terms of articulatory or acoustic features. Here is a table showing Jakobson’s Distinctive Features: Though, the advantage of Jakobson’s set is that it also has an acoustic description, I do think that the articulatory description is sufficient enough, since after articulating the sound we hear the sound we produced ourselves and yet not at all times would people share the same acoustic descriptions to their produced sound, because we all have our own ways of pronouncing sounds, hence, I think that the acoustic description should be left for the speaker to describe and not defined by Jakobson’s description. Jakobson’s idea was a good starting point for Chomsky and Halle’s own set of distinctive features. With Jakobson’s Distinctive features serving as a terminus a quo for Chomsky and Halle, they were able to refine Jakobson’s set of features. A great achievement done by this duo is that they were able to establish the idea of â€Å"Natural Classes†. The aim is to carefully choose distinctive features to form a natural class of phonemes. An advantage of this approach is seen in writing Phonological rules hence, we get to understand why we can still comprehend to some words though they are mispronounced. Another is that if we are to choose the features well, it should be possible to refer to natural classes of phonemes with a smaller number of features, therefore allowing a more refined set of characteristics to describe the phonemes involved in a natural class. Chomsky and Halle also introduced the feature classifications such as the major class features, the manner features and the place features thus paving the way for a more organized description in giving characteristics of phonemes. Chomsky and Halle was able to answer the concerns of redundancy when giving features, which is found in Generative Phonology, a component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to  utterances  in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar. Given the current situation, I would have to choose Chomsky and Halle’s Theory of Distinctive Features as the most functional, because it is able to give more specific descriptions as compared to Trubetzkoy and Jakobson. Since we have established that Chomsky and Halle’s set gives the most detailed, comprehensive and most organized distinctive features, it would be best to follow their findings. But It is also important to note that without the ideas of Trubetzkoy and Jakobson in the Distinctive Feature theory, Chomsky and Halle’s own theory would not be as it is today, not able to answer loopholes and deficiencies found in the previous studies. So for me, it is like a ladder, one has to go through the intial steps first before reaching your destination, because as what my teacher would have said, â€Å"so as not to lose your momentum. † Bibliography How to cite Critique on Distinctive Features, Essay examples

E-Commerce Business Consultant APIC

Question: Discuss about theE-Commercefor Business Consultant APIC. Answer: Introduction The report is about providing solutions to a company named Amanda Jane horse Wear by a business consultant APIC. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is seeking help from the consultant firm about the adoption of e-commerce system. It is seen that all the companies are gong digital and are adopting e-commerce systems to increase their sales and brand image in the marketplace. The traditional modes of advertisement and promotions incur more cost to the company when compared to digital modes of promotion. The company is into selling horse riding wears by the horse riders. It is a niche type of category. However, these types of businesses are rare in the market. Getting digital for the company will be profitable both for increased sales and brand image. The report will describe about various forms of e-commerce systems along with issues and benefits of the different variations of e-commerce systems. Apart from that, the backgrounds of the problem of the company along with the preferred mode of e-comm erce systems are also explained in details in the report. The report will help the owner of Amanda Jane Horse Wear to decide whether they will go for adopting various e-commerce systems or not. The section of e-commerce section will describe about the overview and meaning of e-commerce in business. After that, the issues and benefits will illustrate about the benefits and the problems the company will face on going digital. Recommendations section will point the best systems of e-commerce that will suit the needs of the company. Background The background of the report will constitutes about the background of the company that seeks solution to the consultant for boosting their sales. Apart from that, this section will also describe the problems faced in the market. The type of e-commerce solutions that will be provided to the company will also be mentioned in this section. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is a company that is focused in selling limited range of apparels to the horse riders or people that are associated to the horse riding. In the case study, it has mentioned that the company does not sell its products into any types of specialist services. The company sells its various apparels into various horse events. The most important thing is that, the entrepreneur has felt the need of going digital for increasing the sales of its products. In the offline mode, the sales depend on word of mouth. The reason of going digital is to compete with the business with the other retailers and suppliers that are associated with sellin g of apparels of horse riders. Another important fact is that, since the business belongs to niche category, it can charge premium prices for the apparels and other accessories that people use during horse riding. The company has felt that the expected sales are not meeting up to the expectations. The sales are depended on the Word of Mouth (WOM) promotion. For some reasons, in the horse events, the sales are not meeting to the satisfactory level. However, the company is expecting more sales of its products. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is in dilemma whether it should adopt e-commerce systems or not. It is mentioned in the case study that the company has approached to the APIC Business Consulting firm to explain about the strategy that the company should undertake in the field of e-commerce. The strategy must highlight the problems and benefits that the company may face while implementing the strategy in the particular field. The consultant will provide a detailed analysis on the various types of trends of e-commerce approaches that companies are using nowadays to increase the sales and the reputation of the company. The strategies must focus on the fact in a way so that it can engage customers in t heir online channels as well as conversion of the viewers into potential customers (Felfernig et al., 2013). The main target of formulating online strategies is to increase the Word of Mouth Promotion and increasing the customer base of the company. Ecommerce Systems Electronic commerce is known as e-commerce. It is the facilitation of selling products and services to the target customers using internet, social media channels and computer systems. Many technologies are associated with the trading using e-commerce systems such as online transaction processing, mobile commerce, internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, and various types of automated systems of data collection (Wang et al., 2012). Apart from that, the companies for going digital use the system of World Wide Web. As per the case study, the company must have specific aims such as developing websites of online shopping in order to sale products to the target customers (Yoon et al., 2013). The company can adopt many application software and information systems for getting started in the digital online platforms. Amanda Jane Horse Wear before adopting e-commerce systems must be aware of the possible advantages and problems of using various software in the operations of the company ( Park et al., 2012). The issues and benefits of e-commerce systems are described in the following in a detailed manner. Many factors are kept into consideration by the company while implementing systems of e-commerce in improving the sales as well as improving the image of the brand among the target customers (Kou, 2013). The e-commerce systems that will be used by the companies must comply with the rules and regulations of the government. Besides this, there are various types of e-commerce systems such as business-to-business (B to B), business to consumers (B to C), consumer to administration (C to A), consumer to consumer (C to C), business to administration(B to A), and consumer to business (C to B) (Tang et al., 2013). As per the context of the case study, business to consumers systems of e-commerce should be used by the company to interact with the customers along with the viewers of the website. The company must gain an understanding of the various aspects of the integration of e-commerce systems before implementing any methods in the operations department (Da Costa, 2016). Meaning of E Commerce The term e-commerce has a broader meaning. E-commerce systems are the methods and approaches that use computers, internets and other online platforms in order to accomplish the specific purpose of the company. The company will be using approaches and methods of business to consumer systems of e-commerce (Chiu et al., 2014). Along with the implementation of systems, the purpose of integration of variations of e-commerce systems along with the business application. The motive of the systems integration not only focuses on the improved sales but also it will change the whole interface of the business in the future (Wang Zhang, 2013). Some features are to be utilized by the company to develop the service of the online selling of products. They are instant messaging, social networking, pretail, digital wallet, application development and other approaches of online payment options. SWOT analysis of the company along with the PESTEL analysis is necessary for getting the best results on int egration of new systems of e-commerce by the company (Chen Wang, 2013). Issues and Benefits With the advent of technology, the traditional method of conducting business has been replaced, by the digital method, whereby the purchase as well as the sale of the products can be carried out via a variety of electronic channels, such as the Internet (Choi, 2013). The e-commerce itself is a dynamic method, that has also evolved over the last few years in a considerable way. From the case study, it has been observed that Amada Jane Horse Wear is an emerging organization, that has not yet achieved enormous recognition in the consumer world. Hence, the first step, the organization should take is that it must set up its 24*7 online presence, so that it can reach out to a wider mass in a short span of time. In a highly competitive market, an organization simply does not exist, if it fails to make its presence felt. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear, by creating a website, can provide necessary information to the potential consumers, whereby they will be able to have a comprehensive knowledge about the items and the nature of the service offered by the organization (Yang et al., 2016). It should be noted here, that very few organizations deal with the sale of the horse riding apparels, and hence the consumers prefer to purchase the products from the small retail stores. However, a new organization like Amanda Jane Horse Wear, can easily gain prominence in the market, and draw the attention of the interested consumers. Another remarkable advantage of e-commerce, for the organization, is that it can offer 24*7 assistance to the consumers. The creation of a website, or a social media page, can not only render the organization the popularity and recognition, it requires, but will also help in updating the consumers about a new product introduced, or a latest discount offer provided (Davis et al., 2012). Thus, e-commerce enables an organization have easy interaction with the consumers that not only builds up a valuable relation, creating a loyal customer base, but also offers them the relevant, readily available information. Another remarkable benefit of e-commerce is that it facilitates an organization to replace direct marketing by virtual marketing. The selling location of the organization is fixed, and as it does not have any branch, the consumers are less likely to have sufficient information about the fixed retail location of the organization. On the other hand, once the organization has created its online presence via a website, it can offer the sale of its products via the online platform. The organization has not yet emerged as one of the large organizations of the world, and hence selling the goods online is a discreet option (Wang Wang, 2016). Nowadays, the consumers usually lack the time and energy to visit the physical shops in person, and hence considering the fact, the organization can offer its products via online platforms. The official page of the organization can have a contact number, an email id and other details, so that the consumers can contact the concerned authority, and order the goods they intend to purchase. The home delivery can help the company gain competitive advantage, besides offering it the recognition it requires (Colla Lapoule, 2012). However, while introducing the e-commerce infrastructure in the organization, there is a variety of factors that require to be considered by the organization. One of the important issues that can pose serious threat to the organization is the security issue (Crew Brennan, 2014). The most recognized organizations also suffered from the problem of online hacking of information that has potentially damaged the reputation of the organization. Hence, the organization is required to build up a strong risk assessment and management system to safeguard its confidential information, and that would undoubtedly imply a huge investment. Besides, it should be remembered that it would mean additional responsibility for the existent employees, and a proper process of monitoring and controlling the e-commerce activities, would be required, that in turn would imply that the employees would have to work in a more dedicated way, investing more time and skills for the same (Barnes, 2013). Though this c an be compensated by the rise in pay scale in subsequent period, it should be noted that during the initial phase of the change management, the whole idea may not be accepted by the employees, and the resistance if not properly dealt with, can lead to retention problem. Current Trends and Examples in E Commerce The e-commerce each day is evolving itself, and assuming an important role in the world of business. Hence, it is important to discuss and explain the recent innovative techniques, introduced by different organization all across the world. At present, the consumers are too occupied with their own works, and hence fail to find out sufficient time to visit the physical retail shops (Lee, 2013). Hence, a huge number of organizations have introduced the mobile commerce concept, whereby the consumers can visit the official page of the organization, and can order the products, after selecting from a variety of available options. While the consumer does not require to visit the shop in person, he can also make the payment via online payment channels, such as PayPal or Google Wallet. While this method captures the attention of the consumers because of the convenient shopping experience they can avail, it can also help the organization grow (Li, 2016). It should be noted that research reports suggest that while making purchase online, the consumers are likely to make investment in a product more swiftly and easily, and tend to be influenced to purchase the products. A few organizations, which enjoy strong financial condition, also create their organizational apps, which the consumer can download, as and when required, and thereby avail the facilities offered by the organization. The apps on being downloaded by the consumers, can offer them the opportunity to gain instant access to the relevant information about the products, as and when necessary, and is a much time consuming and energy saving process of making transactions. A few organizations, in order to look after the needs and convenience of the consumers are also offering Live Chat support facility, that helps in creating an immediate point of connection with the respective consumers (Stern, 2013). The social media marketing has replaced the traditional method of marketing. With a huge number of people keeping an eye on the social network sites, the organizations have also lately created various social media pages, where by posting relevant attractive content, via interesting stories, the organizations have succeeded in drawing attention of the consumers. In addition, target marketing has also become a possibility in recent times, owing to Google Analytics, and as such the organizations can promote its products to the relevant consumers, based on the demographic information available. Moreover, what is new in the market is the concept of video marketing that has replaced the idea of ordinary social media content marketing. Many organizations upload the educative and entertaining videos, on social networking sites, such as Instagram or even on Facebook, that helps in fascinating the consumers, and evoking an interest in the products and service offered by the organization. The v ideo marketing as a latest trend, helps in increasing the client conversation and interaction with the brand, making the content more shareable so that it can reach a large number of consumers over a short span of time. The concept of video marketing has become largely popular among different business organizations, and while some organizations employ YouTube to connect with the consumers, some other organizations rely on apps, such as Vine and Instagram for connecting with the consumers, via video marketing strategies (Rigas Hussain, 2016). Recommendation The use of electronic communications can help Amanda Jane Horse Wear gain competitive advantage. However, the organization here is required to adopt a few important steps. First of all, it is required to create an official website page, that has an attractive appearance, and is also consumer-friendly, in the sense, that it is easy to navigate, and offers every bit of relevant information to the consumers (Mohapatra, 2013). It must not only share highly informative content about the organization, but must also have a comment section, whereby the consumers can freely ventilate their feedbacks or suggestions about the product. However, it is to be noted here, that the organization must employ marketing managers, who will be in charge of monitoring the feedbacks provided by the consumers on the website page or the social networking sites, and will also remove or delete any unfavorable comments posted (Chen et al., 2014). The organization must ensure that it has a strong e-commerce team, that facilitates quick and prompt response to the demands or inquiries of the consumers. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear organization, is required to establish a strong customer support tram, that can deliver service 24*7 via online platform. The website and the social pages created by the company, must offer a vividly descriptive and highly informed catalog that can help the consumer in making the purchase decision. Besides, the organization must also adopt important strategies to ensure that it is capable of attracting new consumers with search engine visibility. Above all, it should be noted, that the shift to e-commerce may strike the employees in an undesirable way, and hence before introducing the change, the management authority must inform the employees about the change, the reason behind the same as well as the ways in which the shift to e-commerce will benefit the organization, and the employees (Huang Benyoucef , 2013). Conclusion The report describes about the problems faced by Amanda Jane Horse Wear in selling its products in offline modes of selling. Therefore, the consultant has recommended the company to use different methods of e-commerce systems so that it cannot only attract huge customers but also it can accomplish the organizational goals. In the recommended sections, it is clearly mentioned that the company may develop a website along with social media marketing to engage the viewers in about the company and its products. It is seen that nowadays people are using internet for gathering any information regarding any products and services. Hence, internet is the option that can be used in an intelligent way so that people would get to know about the company. As the company belongs to the category of niche segment, hence the strategies of digital marketing must be formulated by keeping in concern with the demands of the customers along with the market trends. The modes of advertisement in the digital p latforms are found to be more advantageous when compared to traditional methods of advertisement. It is because, through online channels, the engagement of target customers are large in number than traditional billboards and magazines. The research of the e-commerce systems have described in the report so that the apparel company can gain a proper understanding of the various usage patterns and methods of the e-commerce systems. The report has pointed the approach and methods of digital platforms that will provide best results for increase in the profit generation of the company. If the company follows the recommendation provided by the consultant firms, then the company would be successful in gaining a good position in the market as well as generating more revenue from the customers. Reference List: Barnes Jr, M. L. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,611,919. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Chen, J. E., Pan, S. L., Ouyang, T. H. (2014). Routine reconfiguration in traditional companiese-commerce strategy implementation: A trajectory perspective.Information Management,51(2), 270-282. Chen, L., Wang, F. (2013). Preference-based clustering reviews for augmenting e-commerce recommendation.Knowledge-Based Systems,50, 44-59. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Choi, H., On, R., Varian, H. R. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,571,921. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Colla, E., Lapoule, P. (2012). E-commerce: exploring the critical success factors.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(11), 842-864. Crew, M. A., Brennan, T. J. (Eds.). (2014).The Role of the Postal and Delivery Sector in a Digital Age. Edward Elgar Publishing. Da Costa, E. (2016).Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Davis, D. R., Morris, M. G., Hildreth, R., Haveson, R. A. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,239,286. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Felfernig, A., Jeran, M., Ninaus, G., Reinfrank, F., Reiterer, S. (2013). Toward the next generation of recommender systems: applications and research challenges. InMultimedia services in intelligent environments(pp. 81-98). Springer International Publishing. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), 246-259. Kou, W. (Ed.). (2013).Payment technologies for e-commerce. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, I. (Ed.). (2013).Trends in E-Business, E-Services, and E-Commerce: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions. IGI Global. Li, P. (2016). Current and Future Years of E-Commerce. Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Park, D. H., Kim, H. K., Choi, I. Y., Kim, J. K. (2012). A literature review and classification of recommender systems research.Expert Systems with Applications,39(11), 10059-10072. Rigas, D., Hussain, H. A. (2016, July). Interactive e-Branding in e-Commerce Interfaces: Survey Results and Implications. InInternational Conference on HCI in Business, Government and Organizations(pp. 457-467). Springer International Publishing. Stern, D., Brewster, M., Botha, Y. (2013). Tendencies and trends in e-commerce: business centre.TAXtalk, (40), 72-74. Tang, J., Hu, X., Liu, H. (2013). Social recommendation: a review.Social Network Analysis and Mining,3(4), 1113-1133. Wang, H. F., Wu, C. T. (2012). A strategy-oriented operation module for recommender systems in E-commerce.Computers Operations Research,39(8), 1837-1849. Wang, J., Zhang, Y. (2013, July). Opportunity model for e-commerce recommendation: right product; right time. InProceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval(pp. 303-312). ACM. Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. RE46,140. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yang, P. C., Lin, H. L., Hsieh, W. T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 20,160,140,634. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yoon, V. Y., Hostler, R. E., Guo, Z., Guimaraes, T. (2013). Assessing the moderating effect of consumer product knowledge and online shopping experience on using recommendation agents for customer loyalty.Decision Support Systems,55(4), 883-893.

International Trade Business and Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the International Trade Business and Enterprise. Answer: Introduction There have been developments in the field of international trade along with underlying technology and legal framework which causes the business to be dynamic. The spread of modern organisations is not limited to just one nation or geography but tends to be global which enhances the overall complexity and paves way for legal issues in the wake of complying with various national and international laws, conventions and regulatory frameworks (Folsom et al., 2009). In the wake of this background, the applicable regulatory framework and international and domestic agreements that impact the operations of McDonalds in Australia would be highlighted. Multinational Corporation- McDonald One of the most prominent multinational organisations that has operations in Australia is McDonald. It has been accorded the reputation of being the fast food restaurant chain having the highest burger sale in the world. It offers a vast menu of customised fast food items and also runs a caf to provide various drinks and snacks. In Australia, McDonald has 90,000 staff which isused to run the operations of the company and offer superior services to customers (Mcdonalds, 2016). However, the global strength of the company in terms of employees is about 1.95 million. Globally, it is only the second largest private sector employer and is ranked after Walmart. The companys headquarter are situated in Illinois, United States. Regulatory framework For a particular multinational company that is operating away from home implies that it needs to be sensitive to the applicable legal regulatory guidelines which may be applicable in the geography of operation (Vickery Pendleton, 2006). This is the case with McDonald which intends to reach out to various stakeholders in a just manner, the most critical of these being customers and employees. Since the company lies in the service industry, hence the top management pays significant focus on ensuring that a diversified workplace is given a working ambience which is free from nepotism and discrimination. As a result, the company aims to provide equal opportunity to all potential employees so as to be a part of the team. By ensuring that that a healthy diversity is maintained and no discrimination is levied in any form against employees with disability, the company is abiding by Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Legislation, 2015). The aim of this act is to eliminate the incidence of discrimination in various fields including work. Besides, the acts aims to bring a change in the mind-set of the society with the underlying belief that the available fundamental rights to these individuals is absolutely same as those available to other members of the community. This act has relevance for an organisation like McDonald which has been a harbinger in promotion of diversity and providing opportunities for not only employment but also growth of these employees in the corporate ladder. The company functioning in Australia is proactive on the front of engaging people with disabilities in various capacities which is not only limited to acting as employees. The company has a dedicated Action Plan with regards to engagement with disable people as has been mandated by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Legislation, 2015). The Action Plan essentially has seven main aspects which need to be implemented with dedication and compassion. The first step is development of policy and corporate planning which involves that suitable policy measures be introduced. Secondly, it is required that the organisation needs to be highly responsive to the need of people with disability in the capacity of customers or employees. The third requisite step is in the form of recruitment where such people with disability should be given fair share. The fourth step is to ensure awareness about disability and such people with the use of training. The fifth step in this regard is to ensure compliance which needs to be coupled with the sixth step that focuses on enhancing the existing facilities and building structures. This is vital so as to provide a comfortable working environment to people with disabilities where they can perform. The seventh and the final step is to ensure that evaluation of the plan is carried out in a period ic manner through feedback and requisite changes be made (Mcdonalds, 2016). As a result of having this Action Plan in place and complying with it on an ongoing basis, it ensures that the people with disabilities are provided their requisite rights, respect and facilities required at all the franchisees. Further, to improve the facilities on an ongoing basis, the company also engages in formation of programs for sustainability. Besides, the company also takes sincere and proactive efforts so as to enhance awareness about issues regarding people with disabilities amongst various stakeholders particularly the employees and customers so that these people with disability are seen with same respect and productivity at work which is true as the standard training imparted to each employee is the same and thereby their efficiency has to maintain a required level to keep up with the service standards associated with the organisation (Griffin Pustay, 2006). The company is order to comply with its legal responsibilities towards people with disabilities has also signed an employment charter that is directed towards people having any disability. (Mann, 2009). Visible changes have been brought after the charter signing as the efforts in certain parameters have been intensified. These include areas such as awareness of staff and customers, higher involvement of people with disability and greater opportunities in promotion to these individuals. The proactive conduct of the organisation along with steps taken for the employment and growth of people with disabilities has brought recognition to the company and stands as a testimony of organisations commitment towards the empowerment of such people through positive discrimination (McDonalds, 2016). As part of compliance with the act, the organisation has introduced key elements at the level of the corporate culture which provides for non-discrimination at all levels right from recruitment to training to promotion. The underlying driver at each of the stages is essentially the work productivity and dedication to work which is used for making decisions. This relentless focus of the organisation towards eliminating the social stigma of discrimination is apparent as the company not only limits to itself but has forged association with various community organisations that work in this aspect. Through such partnerships, the company encourages those talented individuals who have some disability and these are provided with work opportunity at outlets owned by the company or the franchisee. The fact that opportunity is provided to these individuals augers well as the performance then becomes the key criterion whereas the disability tends to take a backseat. Hence, it is evident on the b asis of the discussion conducted that the Action Plan formulated by the company to ensure prompt implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act has paid handsome dividends. Impact of treaties, conventions or agreements The main agreement that drives the operations of McDonalds in Australia is the McDonalds Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013. This agreement is responsible for defining the mode of functioning and the offered services for the Australian operations of the company. This agreement has been approved as per the Fair Work Act. The agreement in total consists of five main parts that are highlighted below (SDA, 2013). Clause Classification and Wage Rates Ordinary hours of work Leave and Public Holidays Schedule A Clause 3 of this agreement tends to deal with aspects such as employer, shift supervisor, weekly employee and related terms. The various terms are defined in a definitive manner without any ambiguity so as to maximise the transparency and objectivity. An example in this regard is the confusion which is often caused with regards to standard rate which in the agreement has been defined as the hourly wage rate of a level 2 employee and hence limit ambiguity and confusion (SDA, 2013). Using the agreement as an enabling tool, there have been efforts to being about quality standardization which is a pivotal aspect for McDonalds especially considering the global spread and the predominant franchise model. The Agreements Clause 6 related to the National Employment Standards and also aim to standardise the employment conditions by objectively defining this (FWC, 2013). These include a discussion of various topics such as leaves, working hours weekly permissible, long service leave etc. and hence provide clarity to both the employees and employers about the norms which are adhered to across every outlet in Australia. Further, Clause 9 highlights the terms of dispute settlement that are deployed by the organisation and thus makes the process transparent and just. It is common in the service industry that disputes arise with regards to service being provided to consumers. Such disputes between employee and employer if prolonged can adversely impact the delivered services and could be detrimental to the interests of the organisation. However, by deploying Clause 9, such disputes can be resolved in a prompt manner without biases and with the intervention of senior personnel such as supervisor or restaurant manager. If the dispute still is not resolved, then the assistance of the Fair Work Commission may be undertaken (Docplayer, 2016). Thus, the role of this clause in keeping a healthy working relationship between the employer and employees cannot be overstated. Further, at time there are cases when some employees tend to apply for long leaves without complying with the requisite legislation. Without proper and prior information about these leaves, there may be a shortfall of manpower that the organisation may face and this would have adverse impact on the performance of the organisation. In this regards, the agreement is of immense help since guidance is provided in the matter of long service leave in Clause 11 which needs to be complied with all employees of the organisation including the franchisees. This effectively ensures that cases of uninformed absenteeism are minimised and hence provides a big boost to scheduling and manpower planning (SDA, 2013). Further, there are instances when ambiguity is there with regards to the appropriate category of employees which can hamper effective division of work and accountability. The Clause 12-15 come to the rescue of the company in this regard. Clause 12 tends to highlight the three main categories of employees and effectively distinguishes amongst these. The conditions that need to be fulfilled to be classified as a full time employee are highlighted as per Clause 13 (SDA, 2013). This clause advocates that a full time employee must not work for more than six days a week in succession. Further, the average weekly hours for a full time employee are capped at 38 which are calculated on a four week cycle. Further, certain other provisions are also highlighted which need to be complied with by every employee who is full time. In accordance with Clause 14, a part time employee has been defined as an individual who tends to give a weekly work commitment of 10-36 hours. In regards to casual employ ee, Clause 15 states that such employees must be given not only the hourly pay rate extended to other employee but also casual loading over and above. Hence, it is apparent that with the deployment of these clauses, the various human resources issues are minimised and streamlined which ensures a motivated workforce driven by excellence and deliver quality service to consumers on a sustainable basis. Conclusion It is apparent from the discussion above that a MNC such as McDonald has significant challenges as it needs to comply not only with international norms but also the local laws and guidelines. These tend to have a significant impact on the operations of the organisation as is apparent from the Action Plan which McDonalds has put in place so as to comply with the Disability Discrimination Act. Additionally, for companies such as McDonalds which have presence globally, it is imperative to have service agreements which are derived from local laws, customs, norms but also seek to promote the global values for which the organisation stands for, In McDonalds case, McDonalds Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013 seems to be doing a befitting job which is responsible for the quality services extended to customers on an everyday basis, References Docplayer.net. (2016), MCDONALD'S Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013 Commissioner Bull Sydney, 24 JULY 2013. [online] Available at: https://docplayer.net/16084723-Mcdonald-s-australia-enterprise-agreement-2013-commissioner-bull-sydney-24-july-2013.html#show_full_text [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Folsom, R, Gordon, M, Spanogle, J 2009, International business transactions in a nutshell, Sage publications, London FWC 2013, McDonald's Australia Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/agreements/fwa/ae402596.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Griffin, R Pustay, M 2006, International business. 6th ed., Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ Legislation 2015, Disability Discrimination Act 1992, [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00013 [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Mann, T 2009, Australian law dictionary. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne Mcdonalds 2016, Macca's People | McDonald's Australia,[online] Available at: https://mcdonalds.com.au/about-maccas/people [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. SDA 2013. McDonald's Australia Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.sda.org.au/download/enterprise-agreements/MCDONALDS-Australia-Enterprise-Agreement-2013.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Vickery, R Pendleton, W 2006, Australian business law, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall/Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W