Critique on Distinctive Features Free Essays

Andrew Ike B. Waga ENG 106 Dec. 14, 2011 2010-53632 Trubetzkoy, Jakobson or Chomsky, Whose Distinctive Features are truly â€Å"Distinct†? â€Å"Teacher, teacher, Help me, I have just been side swiped by a car! † These were the exact words that came out from the mouth of the school’s resident hooligan, Kevin, one afternoon after class. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique on Distinctive Features or any similar topic only for you Order Now During those times, our school has been intensively campaigning for every student to speak English at least while on campus, in preparation for the coming PAASCU (Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges) visit, we were so prepped up that we were even speaking in English outside school â€Å"just in case the Assessors are just loitering around, observing† our teachers would say. So one afternoon, after finding not much to do, Kevin, decided he wanted to show his antics to us, saying that he is planning to pull off a prank on our school’s English Coordinator, and our class adviser as well, we had a carefully laid out plan, he would be rushing from the street towards our school gate while we convince our teacher to approach the gate as well, and then he shouted, the exact words on quotation, except that he pronounced swiped as /s? ?pd/. Our teacher, knowing Kevin’s reputation, was already sensing that she was a bait to a good laugh, calmly yet in an authoritarian manner said, â€Å"side swipe! s? aIp/ Next time, Kevin, try pronouncing the words well, so as not to lose your momentum, there’s always a next time! † with her signature smirk. I remembered this incident while reading about Natural classes, I am very sure that my teacher knew what Kevin meant, since all of us thought that Kevin’s pronunciation of that word was corre ct as far as we were concerned, until the jokes went back to Kevin. Growing up in a city that speaks Cebuano, it is inevitable for some English words to get that â€Å"bisaya† flavour, like the occasional /p/ becomes an /f/ or the letter h is pronounced as /? ? / and many more, but nevertheless, besides deviating from what we know as a â€Å"standard† for American English, we pretty much understood each other despite the glitches. And so I thought, why was it necessary to dwell on the distinctive features of sounds when the main importance has been served, comprehension. But then, I had to understand that it is necessary so that I would know just how these sounds are related to be viewed as almost interchangeable, just how â€Å"similar† was similar? Hence, we go to the distinctive features of sounds. In dealing with Distinctive features, I focused first on the work of Trubetzkoy, most people would start with Jakobson before Trubetzkoy but I saw that it was Trubetzkoy who first saw Phonetics and Phonology as separate disciplines. He mentioned that form (contrast, system patterning) must be studied separately from substance (acoustics, articulation). Hence, there was a greater concentration on sounds first before they are seen as words. It was Trubetzkoy who introduced the idea of â€Å"oppositions† in Phonology which he mentioned in his primary work, GrundzUge der phonologie  (1939). Oppositions would refer to a pair or set of sounds sharing the same feature that is not shared with any other sounds. Here are some of Trubetzkoy’s Oppositions: a) Bilateral oppositions A bilateral opposition refers to a pair sounds that share a set of features which no other sound shares fully. For example, voiceless labial obstruents =  /p,f/. Note that obstruents are defined as having a degree of stricture greater than that of approximants (that is, stops and fricatives). b) Multilateral oppositions A group of more than 2 sounds which share common features. For example, labial obstruents,/p,b,f,v/, are both labial and obstruents, so they share two features. c) Privative (Binary) Oppositions One member of a pair of sounds possesses a mark, or feature, which the other lacks. Such features are also known as  binary  features which a sound either possesses or lacks. Voicing is such a feature. A sound is voiced or NOT voiced. The sound which possesses that feature is said to be  marked  (eg  [+voice]) whilst the sound lacking the feature is  unmarked  (eg. [-voice]). d) Gradual Oppositions The members of a class of sounds possess different degrees or gradations of a feature or property. For example, the three short front unrounded vowels in English  /? ,  e,  ? /  which are distinguished only by their height. In this system height would be a single feature with two or more degrees of height. As of present times, when Chomsky and Halle’s set of Distinctive features are accessible to us, this would seem very broad and general, hence, not really dwelling into more specific details. But this jumpstarted the notion that sounds share similar qualities and it is crucial for the development of his friend, Jakobson’s own Distinctive Feature Theory. Jakobson is known as the first one to formalize the Distinctive Feature Theory. He followed the findings of Trubetzkoy as one of his basis for building up his set of distinctive features. Jakobson’s original formulation of the Distinctive Feature Theory aside from Trubetzkoy was based on the ff. Ideas: (1) All features are BINARY. Sounds are either [+voice] or [-voice] (2) A small set of features is able to differentiate between the phonemes of any single language. (3) Distinctive features may be defined in terms of articulatory or acoustic features. Here is a table showing Jakobson’s Distinctive Features: Though, the advantage of Jakobson’s set is that it also has an acoustic description, I do think that the articulatory description is sufficient enough, since after articulating the sound we hear the sound we produced ourselves and yet not at all times would people share the same acoustic descriptions to their produced sound, because we all have our own ways of pronouncing sounds, hence, I think that the acoustic description should be left for the speaker to describe and not defined by Jakobson’s description. Jakobson’s idea was a good starting point for Chomsky and Halle’s own set of distinctive features. With Jakobson’s Distinctive features serving as a terminus a quo for Chomsky and Halle, they were able to refine Jakobson’s set of features. A great achievement done by this duo is that they were able to establish the idea of â€Å"Natural Classes†. The aim is to carefully choose distinctive features to form a natural class of phonemes. An advantage of this approach is seen in writing Phonological rules hence, we get to understand why we can still comprehend to some words though they are mispronounced. Another is that if we are to choose the features well, it should be possible to refer to natural classes of phonemes with a smaller number of features, therefore allowing a more refined set of characteristics to describe the phonemes involved in a natural class. Chomsky and Halle also introduced the feature classifications such as the major class features, the manner features and the place features thus paving the way for a more organized description in giving characteristics of phonemes. Chomsky and Halle was able to answer the concerns of redundancy when giving features, which is found in Generative Phonology, a component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to  utterances  in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar. Given the current situation, I would have to choose Chomsky and Halle’s Theory of Distinctive Features as the most functional, because it is able to give more specific descriptions as compared to Trubetzkoy and Jakobson. Since we have established that Chomsky and Halle’s set gives the most detailed, comprehensive and most organized distinctive features, it would be best to follow their findings. But It is also important to note that without the ideas of Trubetzkoy and Jakobson in the Distinctive Feature theory, Chomsky and Halle’s own theory would not be as it is today, not able to answer loopholes and deficiencies found in the previous studies. So for me, it is like a ladder, one has to go through the intial steps first before reaching your destination, because as what my teacher would have said, â€Å"so as not to lose your momentum. † Bibliography How to cite Critique on Distinctive Features, Essay examples

E-Commerce Business Consultant APIC

Question: Discuss about theE-Commercefor Business Consultant APIC. Answer: Introduction The report is about providing solutions to a company named Amanda Jane horse Wear by a business consultant APIC. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is seeking help from the consultant firm about the adoption of e-commerce system. It is seen that all the companies are gong digital and are adopting e-commerce systems to increase their sales and brand image in the marketplace. The traditional modes of advertisement and promotions incur more cost to the company when compared to digital modes of promotion. The company is into selling horse riding wears by the horse riders. It is a niche type of category. However, these types of businesses are rare in the market. Getting digital for the company will be profitable both for increased sales and brand image. The report will describe about various forms of e-commerce systems along with issues and benefits of the different variations of e-commerce systems. Apart from that, the backgrounds of the problem of the company along with the preferred mode of e-comm erce systems are also explained in details in the report. The report will help the owner of Amanda Jane Horse Wear to decide whether they will go for adopting various e-commerce systems or not. The section of e-commerce section will describe about the overview and meaning of e-commerce in business. After that, the issues and benefits will illustrate about the benefits and the problems the company will face on going digital. Recommendations section will point the best systems of e-commerce that will suit the needs of the company. Background The background of the report will constitutes about the background of the company that seeks solution to the consultant for boosting their sales. Apart from that, this section will also describe the problems faced in the market. The type of e-commerce solutions that will be provided to the company will also be mentioned in this section. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is a company that is focused in selling limited range of apparels to the horse riders or people that are associated to the horse riding. In the case study, it has mentioned that the company does not sell its products into any types of specialist services. The company sells its various apparels into various horse events. The most important thing is that, the entrepreneur has felt the need of going digital for increasing the sales of its products. In the offline mode, the sales depend on word of mouth. The reason of going digital is to compete with the business with the other retailers and suppliers that are associated with sellin g of apparels of horse riders. Another important fact is that, since the business belongs to niche category, it can charge premium prices for the apparels and other accessories that people use during horse riding. The company has felt that the expected sales are not meeting up to the expectations. The sales are depended on the Word of Mouth (WOM) promotion. For some reasons, in the horse events, the sales are not meeting to the satisfactory level. However, the company is expecting more sales of its products. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is in dilemma whether it should adopt e-commerce systems or not. It is mentioned in the case study that the company has approached to the APIC Business Consulting firm to explain about the strategy that the company should undertake in the field of e-commerce. The strategy must highlight the problems and benefits that the company may face while implementing the strategy in the particular field. The consultant will provide a detailed analysis on the various types of trends of e-commerce approaches that companies are using nowadays to increase the sales and the reputation of the company. The strategies must focus on the fact in a way so that it can engage customers in t heir online channels as well as conversion of the viewers into potential customers (Felfernig et al., 2013). The main target of formulating online strategies is to increase the Word of Mouth Promotion and increasing the customer base of the company. Ecommerce Systems Electronic commerce is known as e-commerce. It is the facilitation of selling products and services to the target customers using internet, social media channels and computer systems. Many technologies are associated with the trading using e-commerce systems such as online transaction processing, mobile commerce, internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, and various types of automated systems of data collection (Wang et al., 2012). Apart from that, the companies for going digital use the system of World Wide Web. As per the case study, the company must have specific aims such as developing websites of online shopping in order to sale products to the target customers (Yoon et al., 2013). The company can adopt many application software and information systems for getting started in the digital online platforms. Amanda Jane Horse Wear before adopting e-commerce systems must be aware of the possible advantages and problems of using various software in the operations of the company ( Park et al., 2012). The issues and benefits of e-commerce systems are described in the following in a detailed manner. Many factors are kept into consideration by the company while implementing systems of e-commerce in improving the sales as well as improving the image of the brand among the target customers (Kou, 2013). The e-commerce systems that will be used by the companies must comply with the rules and regulations of the government. Besides this, there are various types of e-commerce systems such as business-to-business (B to B), business to consumers (B to C), consumer to administration (C to A), consumer to consumer (C to C), business to administration(B to A), and consumer to business (C to B) (Tang et al., 2013). As per the context of the case study, business to consumers systems of e-commerce should be used by the company to interact with the customers along with the viewers of the website. The company must gain an understanding of the various aspects of the integration of e-commerce systems before implementing any methods in the operations department (Da Costa, 2016). Meaning of E Commerce The term e-commerce has a broader meaning. E-commerce systems are the methods and approaches that use computers, internets and other online platforms in order to accomplish the specific purpose of the company. The company will be using approaches and methods of business to consumer systems of e-commerce (Chiu et al., 2014). Along with the implementation of systems, the purpose of integration of variations of e-commerce systems along with the business application. The motive of the systems integration not only focuses on the improved sales but also it will change the whole interface of the business in the future (Wang Zhang, 2013). Some features are to be utilized by the company to develop the service of the online selling of products. They are instant messaging, social networking, pretail, digital wallet, application development and other approaches of online payment options. SWOT analysis of the company along with the PESTEL analysis is necessary for getting the best results on int egration of new systems of e-commerce by the company (Chen Wang, 2013). Issues and Benefits With the advent of technology, the traditional method of conducting business has been replaced, by the digital method, whereby the purchase as well as the sale of the products can be carried out via a variety of electronic channels, such as the Internet (Choi, 2013). The e-commerce itself is a dynamic method, that has also evolved over the last few years in a considerable way. From the case study, it has been observed that Amada Jane Horse Wear is an emerging organization, that has not yet achieved enormous recognition in the consumer world. Hence, the first step, the organization should take is that it must set up its 24*7 online presence, so that it can reach out to a wider mass in a short span of time. In a highly competitive market, an organization simply does not exist, if it fails to make its presence felt. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear, by creating a website, can provide necessary information to the potential consumers, whereby they will be able to have a comprehensive knowledge about the items and the nature of the service offered by the organization (Yang et al., 2016). It should be noted here, that very few organizations deal with the sale of the horse riding apparels, and hence the consumers prefer to purchase the products from the small retail stores. However, a new organization like Amanda Jane Horse Wear, can easily gain prominence in the market, and draw the attention of the interested consumers. Another remarkable advantage of e-commerce, for the organization, is that it can offer 24*7 assistance to the consumers. The creation of a website, or a social media page, can not only render the organization the popularity and recognition, it requires, but will also help in updating the consumers about a new product introduced, or a latest discount offer provided (Davis et al., 2012). Thus, e-commerce enables an organization have easy interaction with the consumers that not only builds up a valuable relation, creating a loyal customer base, but also offers them the relevant, readily available information. Another remarkable benefit of e-commerce is that it facilitates an organization to replace direct marketing by virtual marketing. The selling location of the organization is fixed, and as it does not have any branch, the consumers are less likely to have sufficient information about the fixed retail location of the organization. On the other hand, once the organization has created its online presence via a website, it can offer the sale of its products via the online platform. The organization has not yet emerged as one of the large organizations of the world, and hence selling the goods online is a discreet option (Wang Wang, 2016). Nowadays, the consumers usually lack the time and energy to visit the physical shops in person, and hence considering the fact, the organization can offer its products via online platforms. The official page of the organization can have a contact number, an email id and other details, so that the consumers can contact the concerned authority, and order the goods they intend to purchase. The home delivery can help the company gain competitive advantage, besides offering it the recognition it requires (Colla Lapoule, 2012). However, while introducing the e-commerce infrastructure in the organization, there is a variety of factors that require to be considered by the organization. One of the important issues that can pose serious threat to the organization is the security issue (Crew Brennan, 2014). The most recognized organizations also suffered from the problem of online hacking of information that has potentially damaged the reputation of the organization. Hence, the organization is required to build up a strong risk assessment and management system to safeguard its confidential information, and that would undoubtedly imply a huge investment. Besides, it should be remembered that it would mean additional responsibility for the existent employees, and a proper process of monitoring and controlling the e-commerce activities, would be required, that in turn would imply that the employees would have to work in a more dedicated way, investing more time and skills for the same (Barnes, 2013). Though this c an be compensated by the rise in pay scale in subsequent period, it should be noted that during the initial phase of the change management, the whole idea may not be accepted by the employees, and the resistance if not properly dealt with, can lead to retention problem. Current Trends and Examples in E Commerce The e-commerce each day is evolving itself, and assuming an important role in the world of business. Hence, it is important to discuss and explain the recent innovative techniques, introduced by different organization all across the world. At present, the consumers are too occupied with their own works, and hence fail to find out sufficient time to visit the physical retail shops (Lee, 2013). Hence, a huge number of organizations have introduced the mobile commerce concept, whereby the consumers can visit the official page of the organization, and can order the products, after selecting from a variety of available options. While the consumer does not require to visit the shop in person, he can also make the payment via online payment channels, such as PayPal or Google Wallet. While this method captures the attention of the consumers because of the convenient shopping experience they can avail, it can also help the organization grow (Li, 2016). It should be noted that research reports suggest that while making purchase online, the consumers are likely to make investment in a product more swiftly and easily, and tend to be influenced to purchase the products. A few organizations, which enjoy strong financial condition, also create their organizational apps, which the consumer can download, as and when required, and thereby avail the facilities offered by the organization. The apps on being downloaded by the consumers, can offer them the opportunity to gain instant access to the relevant information about the products, as and when necessary, and is a much time consuming and energy saving process of making transactions. A few organizations, in order to look after the needs and convenience of the consumers are also offering Live Chat support facility, that helps in creating an immediate point of connection with the respective consumers (Stern, 2013). The social media marketing has replaced the traditional method of marketing. With a huge number of people keeping an eye on the social network sites, the organizations have also lately created various social media pages, where by posting relevant attractive content, via interesting stories, the organizations have succeeded in drawing attention of the consumers. In addition, target marketing has also become a possibility in recent times, owing to Google Analytics, and as such the organizations can promote its products to the relevant consumers, based on the demographic information available. Moreover, what is new in the market is the concept of video marketing that has replaced the idea of ordinary social media content marketing. Many organizations upload the educative and entertaining videos, on social networking sites, such as Instagram or even on Facebook, that helps in fascinating the consumers, and evoking an interest in the products and service offered by the organization. The v ideo marketing as a latest trend, helps in increasing the client conversation and interaction with the brand, making the content more shareable so that it can reach a large number of consumers over a short span of time. The concept of video marketing has become largely popular among different business organizations, and while some organizations employ YouTube to connect with the consumers, some other organizations rely on apps, such as Vine and Instagram for connecting with the consumers, via video marketing strategies (Rigas Hussain, 2016). Recommendation The use of electronic communications can help Amanda Jane Horse Wear gain competitive advantage. However, the organization here is required to adopt a few important steps. First of all, it is required to create an official website page, that has an attractive appearance, and is also consumer-friendly, in the sense, that it is easy to navigate, and offers every bit of relevant information to the consumers (Mohapatra, 2013). It must not only share highly informative content about the organization, but must also have a comment section, whereby the consumers can freely ventilate their feedbacks or suggestions about the product. However, it is to be noted here, that the organization must employ marketing managers, who will be in charge of monitoring the feedbacks provided by the consumers on the website page or the social networking sites, and will also remove or delete any unfavorable comments posted (Chen et al., 2014). The organization must ensure that it has a strong e-commerce team, that facilitates quick and prompt response to the demands or inquiries of the consumers. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear organization, is required to establish a strong customer support tram, that can deliver service 24*7 via online platform. The website and the social pages created by the company, must offer a vividly descriptive and highly informed catalog that can help the consumer in making the purchase decision. Besides, the organization must also adopt important strategies to ensure that it is capable of attracting new consumers with search engine visibility. Above all, it should be noted, that the shift to e-commerce may strike the employees in an undesirable way, and hence before introducing the change, the management authority must inform the employees about the change, the reason behind the same as well as the ways in which the shift to e-commerce will benefit the organization, and the employees (Huang Benyoucef , 2013). Conclusion The report describes about the problems faced by Amanda Jane Horse Wear in selling its products in offline modes of selling. Therefore, the consultant has recommended the company to use different methods of e-commerce systems so that it cannot only attract huge customers but also it can accomplish the organizational goals. In the recommended sections, it is clearly mentioned that the company may develop a website along with social media marketing to engage the viewers in about the company and its products. It is seen that nowadays people are using internet for gathering any information regarding any products and services. Hence, internet is the option that can be used in an intelligent way so that people would get to know about the company. As the company belongs to the category of niche segment, hence the strategies of digital marketing must be formulated by keeping in concern with the demands of the customers along with the market trends. The modes of advertisement in the digital p latforms are found to be more advantageous when compared to traditional methods of advertisement. It is because, through online channels, the engagement of target customers are large in number than traditional billboards and magazines. The research of the e-commerce systems have described in the report so that the apparel company can gain a proper understanding of the various usage patterns and methods of the e-commerce systems. The report has pointed the approach and methods of digital platforms that will provide best results for increase in the profit generation of the company. If the company follows the recommendation provided by the consultant firms, then the company would be successful in gaining a good position in the market as well as generating more revenue from the customers. Reference List: Barnes Jr, M. L. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,611,919. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Chen, J. E., Pan, S. L., Ouyang, T. H. (2014). Routine reconfiguration in traditional companiese-commerce strategy implementation: A trajectory perspective.Information Management,51(2), 270-282. Chen, L., Wang, F. (2013). Preference-based clustering reviews for augmenting e-commerce recommendation.Knowledge-Based Systems,50, 44-59. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Choi, H., On, R., Varian, H. R. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,571,921. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Colla, E., Lapoule, P. (2012). E-commerce: exploring the critical success factors.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(11), 842-864. Crew, M. A., Brennan, T. J. (Eds.). (2014).The Role of the Postal and Delivery Sector in a Digital Age. Edward Elgar Publishing. Da Costa, E. (2016).Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Davis, D. R., Morris, M. G., Hildreth, R., Haveson, R. A. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,239,286. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Felfernig, A., Jeran, M., Ninaus, G., Reinfrank, F., Reiterer, S. (2013). Toward the next generation of recommender systems: applications and research challenges. InMultimedia services in intelligent environments(pp. 81-98). Springer International Publishing. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), 246-259. Kou, W. (Ed.). (2013).Payment technologies for e-commerce. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, I. (Ed.). (2013).Trends in E-Business, E-Services, and E-Commerce: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions. IGI Global. Li, P. (2016). Current and Future Years of E-Commerce. Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Park, D. H., Kim, H. K., Choi, I. Y., Kim, J. K. (2012). A literature review and classification of recommender systems research.Expert Systems with Applications,39(11), 10059-10072. Rigas, D., Hussain, H. A. (2016, July). Interactive e-Branding in e-Commerce Interfaces: Survey Results and Implications. InInternational Conference on HCI in Business, Government and Organizations(pp. 457-467). Springer International Publishing. Stern, D., Brewster, M., Botha, Y. (2013). Tendencies and trends in e-commerce: business centre.TAXtalk, (40), 72-74. Tang, J., Hu, X., Liu, H. (2013). Social recommendation: a review.Social Network Analysis and Mining,3(4), 1113-1133. Wang, H. F., Wu, C. T. (2012). A strategy-oriented operation module for recommender systems in E-commerce.Computers Operations Research,39(8), 1837-1849. Wang, J., Zhang, Y. (2013, July). Opportunity model for e-commerce recommendation: right product; right time. InProceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval(pp. 303-312). ACM. Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. RE46,140. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yang, P. C., Lin, H. L., Hsieh, W. T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 20,160,140,634. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yoon, V. Y., Hostler, R. E., Guo, Z., Guimaraes, T. (2013). Assessing the moderating effect of consumer product knowledge and online shopping experience on using recommendation agents for customer loyalty.Decision Support Systems,55(4), 883-893.

International Trade Business and Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the International Trade Business and Enterprise. Answer: Introduction There have been developments in the field of international trade along with underlying technology and legal framework which causes the business to be dynamic. The spread of modern organisations is not limited to just one nation or geography but tends to be global which enhances the overall complexity and paves way for legal issues in the wake of complying with various national and international laws, conventions and regulatory frameworks (Folsom et al., 2009). In the wake of this background, the applicable regulatory framework and international and domestic agreements that impact the operations of McDonalds in Australia would be highlighted. Multinational Corporation- McDonald One of the most prominent multinational organisations that has operations in Australia is McDonald. It has been accorded the reputation of being the fast food restaurant chain having the highest burger sale in the world. It offers a vast menu of customised fast food items and also runs a caf to provide various drinks and snacks. In Australia, McDonald has 90,000 staff which isused to run the operations of the company and offer superior services to customers (Mcdonalds, 2016). However, the global strength of the company in terms of employees is about 1.95 million. Globally, it is only the second largest private sector employer and is ranked after Walmart. The companys headquarter are situated in Illinois, United States. Regulatory framework For a particular multinational company that is operating away from home implies that it needs to be sensitive to the applicable legal regulatory guidelines which may be applicable in the geography of operation (Vickery Pendleton, 2006). This is the case with McDonald which intends to reach out to various stakeholders in a just manner, the most critical of these being customers and employees. Since the company lies in the service industry, hence the top management pays significant focus on ensuring that a diversified workplace is given a working ambience which is free from nepotism and discrimination. As a result, the company aims to provide equal opportunity to all potential employees so as to be a part of the team. By ensuring that that a healthy diversity is maintained and no discrimination is levied in any form against employees with disability, the company is abiding by Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Legislation, 2015). The aim of this act is to eliminate the incidence of discrimination in various fields including work. Besides, the acts aims to bring a change in the mind-set of the society with the underlying belief that the available fundamental rights to these individuals is absolutely same as those available to other members of the community. This act has relevance for an organisation like McDonald which has been a harbinger in promotion of diversity and providing opportunities for not only employment but also growth of these employees in the corporate ladder. The company functioning in Australia is proactive on the front of engaging people with disabilities in various capacities which is not only limited to acting as employees. The company has a dedicated Action Plan with regards to engagement with disable people as has been mandated by the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Legislation, 2015). The Action Plan essentially has seven main aspects which need to be implemented with dedication and compassion. The first step is development of policy and corporate planning which involves that suitable policy measures be introduced. Secondly, it is required that the organisation needs to be highly responsive to the need of people with disability in the capacity of customers or employees. The third requisite step is in the form of recruitment where such people with disability should be given fair share. The fourth step is to ensure awareness about disability and such people with the use of training. The fifth step in this regard is to ensure compliance which needs to be coupled with the sixth step that focuses on enhancing the existing facilities and building structures. This is vital so as to provide a comfortable working environment to people with disabilities where they can perform. The seventh and the final step is to ensure that evaluation of the plan is carried out in a period ic manner through feedback and requisite changes be made (Mcdonalds, 2016). As a result of having this Action Plan in place and complying with it on an ongoing basis, it ensures that the people with disabilities are provided their requisite rights, respect and facilities required at all the franchisees. Further, to improve the facilities on an ongoing basis, the company also engages in formation of programs for sustainability. Besides, the company also takes sincere and proactive efforts so as to enhance awareness about issues regarding people with disabilities amongst various stakeholders particularly the employees and customers so that these people with disability are seen with same respect and productivity at work which is true as the standard training imparted to each employee is the same and thereby their efficiency has to maintain a required level to keep up with the service standards associated with the organisation (Griffin Pustay, 2006). The company is order to comply with its legal responsibilities towards people with disabilities has also signed an employment charter that is directed towards people having any disability. (Mann, 2009). Visible changes have been brought after the charter signing as the efforts in certain parameters have been intensified. These include areas such as awareness of staff and customers, higher involvement of people with disability and greater opportunities in promotion to these individuals. The proactive conduct of the organisation along with steps taken for the employment and growth of people with disabilities has brought recognition to the company and stands as a testimony of organisations commitment towards the empowerment of such people through positive discrimination (McDonalds, 2016). As part of compliance with the act, the organisation has introduced key elements at the level of the corporate culture which provides for non-discrimination at all levels right from recruitment to training to promotion. The underlying driver at each of the stages is essentially the work productivity and dedication to work which is used for making decisions. This relentless focus of the organisation towards eliminating the social stigma of discrimination is apparent as the company not only limits to itself but has forged association with various community organisations that work in this aspect. Through such partnerships, the company encourages those talented individuals who have some disability and these are provided with work opportunity at outlets owned by the company or the franchisee. The fact that opportunity is provided to these individuals augers well as the performance then becomes the key criterion whereas the disability tends to take a backseat. Hence, it is evident on the b asis of the discussion conducted that the Action Plan formulated by the company to ensure prompt implementation of the Disability Discrimination Act has paid handsome dividends. Impact of treaties, conventions or agreements The main agreement that drives the operations of McDonalds in Australia is the McDonalds Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013. This agreement is responsible for defining the mode of functioning and the offered services for the Australian operations of the company. This agreement has been approved as per the Fair Work Act. The agreement in total consists of five main parts that are highlighted below (SDA, 2013). Clause Classification and Wage Rates Ordinary hours of work Leave and Public Holidays Schedule A Clause 3 of this agreement tends to deal with aspects such as employer, shift supervisor, weekly employee and related terms. The various terms are defined in a definitive manner without any ambiguity so as to maximise the transparency and objectivity. An example in this regard is the confusion which is often caused with regards to standard rate which in the agreement has been defined as the hourly wage rate of a level 2 employee and hence limit ambiguity and confusion (SDA, 2013). Using the agreement as an enabling tool, there have been efforts to being about quality standardization which is a pivotal aspect for McDonalds especially considering the global spread and the predominant franchise model. The Agreements Clause 6 related to the National Employment Standards and also aim to standardise the employment conditions by objectively defining this (FWC, 2013). These include a discussion of various topics such as leaves, working hours weekly permissible, long service leave etc. and hence provide clarity to both the employees and employers about the norms which are adhered to across every outlet in Australia. Further, Clause 9 highlights the terms of dispute settlement that are deployed by the organisation and thus makes the process transparent and just. It is common in the service industry that disputes arise with regards to service being provided to consumers. Such disputes between employee and employer if prolonged can adversely impact the delivered services and could be detrimental to the interests of the organisation. However, by deploying Clause 9, such disputes can be resolved in a prompt manner without biases and with the intervention of senior personnel such as supervisor or restaurant manager. If the dispute still is not resolved, then the assistance of the Fair Work Commission may be undertaken (Docplayer, 2016). Thus, the role of this clause in keeping a healthy working relationship between the employer and employees cannot be overstated. Further, at time there are cases when some employees tend to apply for long leaves without complying with the requisite legislation. Without proper and prior information about these leaves, there may be a shortfall of manpower that the organisation may face and this would have adverse impact on the performance of the organisation. In this regards, the agreement is of immense help since guidance is provided in the matter of long service leave in Clause 11 which needs to be complied with all employees of the organisation including the franchisees. This effectively ensures that cases of uninformed absenteeism are minimised and hence provides a big boost to scheduling and manpower planning (SDA, 2013). Further, there are instances when ambiguity is there with regards to the appropriate category of employees which can hamper effective division of work and accountability. The Clause 12-15 come to the rescue of the company in this regard. Clause 12 tends to highlight the three main categories of employees and effectively distinguishes amongst these. The conditions that need to be fulfilled to be classified as a full time employee are highlighted as per Clause 13 (SDA, 2013). This clause advocates that a full time employee must not work for more than six days a week in succession. Further, the average weekly hours for a full time employee are capped at 38 which are calculated on a four week cycle. Further, certain other provisions are also highlighted which need to be complied with by every employee who is full time. In accordance with Clause 14, a part time employee has been defined as an individual who tends to give a weekly work commitment of 10-36 hours. In regards to casual employ ee, Clause 15 states that such employees must be given not only the hourly pay rate extended to other employee but also casual loading over and above. Hence, it is apparent that with the deployment of these clauses, the various human resources issues are minimised and streamlined which ensures a motivated workforce driven by excellence and deliver quality service to consumers on a sustainable basis. Conclusion It is apparent from the discussion above that a MNC such as McDonald has significant challenges as it needs to comply not only with international norms but also the local laws and guidelines. These tend to have a significant impact on the operations of the organisation as is apparent from the Action Plan which McDonalds has put in place so as to comply with the Disability Discrimination Act. Additionally, for companies such as McDonalds which have presence globally, it is imperative to have service agreements which are derived from local laws, customs, norms but also seek to promote the global values for which the organisation stands for, In McDonalds case, McDonalds Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013 seems to be doing a befitting job which is responsible for the quality services extended to customers on an everyday basis, References Docplayer.net. (2016), MCDONALD'S Australia Enterprise Agreement 2013 Commissioner Bull Sydney, 24 JULY 2013. [online] Available at: https://docplayer.net/16084723-Mcdonald-s-australia-enterprise-agreement-2013-commissioner-bull-sydney-24-july-2013.html#show_full_text [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Folsom, R, Gordon, M, Spanogle, J 2009, International business transactions in a nutshell, Sage publications, London FWC 2013, McDonald's Australia Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/agreements/fwa/ae402596.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Griffin, R Pustay, M 2006, International business. 6th ed., Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ Legislation 2015, Disability Discrimination Act 1992, [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00013 [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Mann, T 2009, Australian law dictionary. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne Mcdonalds 2016, Macca's People | McDonald's Australia,[online] Available at: https://mcdonalds.com.au/about-maccas/people [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. SDA 2013. McDonald's Australia Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.sda.org.au/download/enterprise-agreements/MCDONALDS-Australia-Enterprise-Agreement-2013.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Vickery, R Pendleton, W 2006, Australian business law, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall/Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W

Space Propulsion (2597 words) Essay Example For Students

Space Propulsion (2597 words) Essay Space PropulsionRESEARCH I/IILARRY PECANFINAL REPORT9-27-98INTRODUCTIONThe following is a research project on Space Vehicle Propulsion. It shall consist of four sections, each discussing specific topics. Section One lays out the basic ideas of rocketry. Section Two compares Rocket Propulsion Systems, and shows the basis for the comparison. It also shows how each specific Rocket System works and Section Three gives a description of how Space Propulsion has evolved and contains a conclusion. SECTION 1The BasicsSection One is a brief description of the basic properties of Rocket Systems. It defines the key terms and shows how a basic rocket works. It also shows the State if The Art. I have chosen to do my project on space vehicle propulsion. Basically, this means that my research shall be based primarily on rocketry. Rocketry is a way of propulsion that has developed in numerous ways since it was first used to propel fireworks in the 16th century. It has emerged into an extremely complicated science that few actually understand. We will write a custom essay on Space Propulsion (2597 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most space rocketry in America is used in NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Association) space projects. NASA, a government association that focuses on space exploration, is the main user of rocket technology. It is used mostly to power their satellites and shuttles into space. Pushing an object that weighs as much as a space shuttle does directly vertical until escaping the Earths atmosphere requires a tremendous amount of power. This is why NASA uses rockets. Rockets are essentially the most powerful forms of propulsion there is today. Space Vehicle Propulsion is based rocket engines. The basic principle of rocket engine is that when fuel is burned in the engine, the reaction mass is expelled at high speeds. As a result of Newtons law of action and reaction this pushes the vehicle in the opposite direction of the one in which the reaction mass is moving. Thrust is the force that the engine exerts on all space behind it in order to ?push? the vehicle forward. Efficiency is the way that the quality of rocket engines is measured by. It is measured by the time it takes for one kilogram of propellant to create one kilogram of thrust. The goal of my research is to find out what makes these engines more efficient. In rocketry, the state of the art is extremely hard to define, since there are so many different forms of rocketry ranging from liquid propellant rockets to fireworks. The state of the art though is probably nuclear powered rockets. It is much more efficient because it does not use chemical combustion like most rockets do. Instead NFRRs (Nuclear Fission Reactor Rockets) heat hydrogen in a fission reactor which expels the propellant at blistering speeds. Much research is being done with NFRRs. They are still highly experimental because of the dangers that could be associated with them. The NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application) was one of the most extensive NFRR research projects, however it failed because of the inability figure out an approach to putting the research into a developmental stage. SECTION 2Specific Rocket Propulsion SystemsSection One has laid the foundation for further research in the are of rocketry. Section two shall discuss properties of efficiency in more depth, it shall lay out the types of rockets in existence now. It shall also show which type of rocket is the most efficient. After this section, the next one shall describe how the reasons for these specific rockets efficiency and depending on the outcome of that report, the topic of the fourth shall be decided. EFFICIENCYEfficiency is the most important part of my research as yet. Since the object of my research is to find out which type of rockets are the most efficient and why, the reader of this paper must have a basic understanding of efficiency. Once this is established, new definitions will come into play, all of these shall be crucial in the understanding of the paper. Terms Needed To Understand EfficiencyG- a unit of acceleration Specific Impulse (Isp)- A measurement in seconds of efficiency. Properties of EfficiencyEfficiency is the most accurate indicator of rockets performance. As stated in the aforementioned definitions, specific impulse is the basic unit of measurement of rocket efficiency. Isp is found by dividing the exhaust velocity by g (definition also mentioned above). Since velocity is measured in m/s (meters per second) and each g is equal to 9.8 m/s/s (meters per second every second), the terms cancel to leave just a unit in seconds. The resulting figure, is the duration of time for which one kilogram of propellant can produce one kilogram of thrust. Thus, a higher number represents a better, and more efficient rocket. To give the reader an idea of the average Isp of several type of rockets, I have listed some average figures for efficiency of certain types of rockets below. Average Efficiencies of Certain RocketsNext, I have listed the Isp values for some basic types of rockets. After that I shall explain some of the most well known types of rockets. .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .postImageUrl , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:visited , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:active { border:0!important; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:active , .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968 .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue929b3d509113a612f8780603059c968:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Assignment Art And Culture Paper EssayBasic Rocket TypesAn RPS (rocket propulsion system) is a powerplant that pushes a vehicle forward by ejecting matter that is stored within the vehicle. This matter is called propellant. The propellant is the most crucial part of moving a vehicle through space. Their energy source, the vehicles they are used on, and the type of propellant classify the specific types of systems. Liquid Propellant RocketsAll LPRs (Liquid Propelled Rockets) contain the same basic devices. The next paragraph shall discuss these functions and examine their purpose. The first such device is the thrust chamber. The thrust chamber contains an injector, a combustion chamber and a nozzle. The thrust chamber is the place where the propellants are injected, atomized, then mixed and finally burned to form reaction products in the form of gas. Next, the products are accelerated and ejected at extremely high velocities to create thrust. The injector is a series of pipes that allow the liquid propellant to move into the combustion chamber chamber to be made into thrust while atomizing and mixing them. The exhaust nozzle is the last step in the releasing of thrust. It allows the hot gas to expand and then accelerates them to supersonic velocities. On some vehicles, the nozzle acts as a steering mechanism by placing it on an electronic axis for which it can be turned by an automated steering wheel. There are two major types of feed systems used by LPRs; one uses pumps to move propellants to combustion chambers; the other, uses high pressure to expel propellants from their tanks. On most space vehicles the engines are mounted in pairs at the perimeter of the craft. Normally to opposite facing thrust chambers are controlled automatedly to turn the ship. Generally, a minimum of 12 thrust chambers is required for turning. Solid Propellant RocketsSolid Propellant Rockets (SPRs) contains a huge number of types of engines. The propellant that is to be burned is held in the combustion chamber. The propellant charge (grain) contains chemical elements for complete burning. When it is ignited, it burns on all its exposed sides. If the design of the grain is changed, then less can be exposed; the less exposed, the less fuel burned. The average burning rate is around 1.8 cc per second. The rate normally depends on the propellant ingredients. The more chamber pressure, the more propellant burnt. The way to make an efficient SPR is to pack as much solid propellant into a chamber volume as possible. Theoretically, it would be ideal to burn the propellant like a cigar, from one end to the other. For this reason, scientists created an end-burning grain, which has proved extremely successful. Electric RocketsThere are three types of electric propulsion systems (EPS); the three include electromagnetic, electrothermal and electrostatic. They are, in some ways more a rocket of the future then one of the present, somewhat like the NERVA project (see next section). In the electrothermal system the propellant is heated or vaporized electric heaters. The hot gas is then expanded through a nozzle the way it is in a chemical rocket. In an electrostatic system, interacting electrostatic fields and small charged particles such as colloidal particles achieve acceleration. In an electromagnetic rocket, acceleration is achieved by placing propellant plasma (a high temperature, electrically natural gas that contains electrons, ions and neutral molecular species) in an electromagnetic field thus causing a reaction that releases thrust. Nuclear RocketsUnlike the aforementioned rockets, nuclear rockets do not generate its power through chemical combustion. The way its power is formed, is through nuclear fission. It heats a propellant like hydrogen in a fission reactor and the explosion expels the propellant at amazing speeds, which exceed twice what any other rocket can produce. Its efficiency rating is around 850, as compared to the 450 of the next best ty pe, the cryogenic rocket. Unfortunately due to the extreme dangers of nuclear fission inside a shuttle, the main project for researching the nuclear rockets, NERVA, was scrubbed. Most likely, in the future, scientists will devise a plan to minimize the risks, whereupon research will begin again. SECTION 3A HistoryINTRODUCTIONThe third section of this report shall begin by indicating the steps in which rocketry was created, as to allow the reader of this paper to better understand the way rockets work. It shall show the works of Tsiolkovsky, Goddard, Oberth and a few others. The report shall then end in a detailed conclusion. The conclusion will be based on the summary and discuss all that has been written. It shall end in giving opinions as to the future uses of the specific areas found in the research. Development of Modern RocketryEARLY HISTORYIn around 1232 AD, in China, rockets were created. During the war with the Mongols, the Chinese would strap an early form of gunpowder to the shaft of an arrow. This made them fly longer and faster than any of the regular arrows that the Mongols used. About ten years later, in Europe, another major discovery was made. An Englishman, Robert Bacon, created a more practical formula for gunpowder. He did this by mixing 41.2 parts saltpeter, 29.4 parts charcoal and 29.4 parts sulfur. He was able to distill saltpeter, which produces oxygen, to allow the rocket to burn faster. .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .postImageUrl , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:visited , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:active { border:0!important; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:active , .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ca094ea053a68ee495649a056c38f4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: African Americans and Cardiovascular Disease EssayIn the 18th century, the British encounter encountered rocket warfare with India. The Indians probably learned the secret of rocket treat from Arab traders in the 17th century. The Indians, who were led by Hyder Ali, gave thousands of men the task of throwing rockets. The rockets were first thrown, then propelled itself. They attached an eight foot long bamboo stalk to six pound iron tube filled with fuse and powder. The rockets were able to fly up to 1.5 miles. Modern DiscoveriesTsiolkovskyTsiolkovsky, a Russian teacher, established that a rocket would work in the vacuum of space, in 1883. In 1903, he wrote a book explaining how space travel was possible, using liquid propelled rockets. He created drawings of possible space ships propelled by either liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene. The sketches also show valves to transport the liquid propellant into a combustion chamber and showed how vanes could be created in the exhaust for steering. He also illustrated the crew lying on their backs in a pressurized cabin in order to withstand the pressure of such high speeds. Tsiolkovsky also thought of rocket staging. Rocket staging is a series of rockets that fire one after the other. When one finishes and the other fires, the useless rocket is jettisoned. He thought this was the only way to put heavy objects such as satellites into space. GoddardAlthough Tsiolkovsky thought up the ideas of advanced rocketry, still more had to be considered, and it had to become reality. The next pioneer, was the father of American rocketry, Robert Goddard. He first, created a bazooka type rocket. The bazooka was fairly large solid-propellant rocket. In 1919, he wrote a text called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Two years later, he bagan to experiment with the liquid fuels that Tsiolkovsky. In 1926, Goddard finally launched the first liquid propelled rocket. It was fueled by gasoline and liquid oxygen. It rose to a height of 41 feet and traveled at 60 miles per hour. It only traveled 56 meters but it set the foundation for the future of rocketry. In May 1935, he released a rocket that featured gyro controlled exhaust vanes which pushed it to travel 1.5 miles above the ground at a totally unprecedented 700 miles per hour. GERMAN ROCKET SCIENTISTSIn 1923 a German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth published The Rocket Into Planetary Space. He favored liquid propellants, as Goddard, because of their power. His experimentation inspired the creation of the Society for Space Travel. The society passionately experimented with ways to improve the liquid propellant rocket. On February 21, 1931, a member of The Society for Space Travel, Johannes Winkler, launched the second liquid fuel rocket. Winklers rocket was propelled by liquid methane and liquid oxygen. It failed totally, going a mere ten feet forward. Three weeks later another rocket ascended to about 2000 feet. The entire Society for Space Travel began working on two rocket series, the Mirak and Repulsor. The late model Repulsors could reach an altitude of 1 mile. When The Society for Space Travel ran out of money, they made a demonstration of the Repulsor for the German Army. A member, Werner Von Braun compiled some statistics for the army who gave it to Hitler. They realized that this did not violate the treaty which did not allow them to build airplanes. Hitler started the Army Weapons Department. Von Braun was placed in charge of rocket development. Within a few years Von Braun was experimenting with highly developed rockets and was firing them in secret at the island of Birkum. In 1934 he created two rockets, that could ascend to over 1.5 miles. After that, The Society for Space Travel fell apart due to financial problems. In 1937, a rocket research station was constructed on the Baltic coast. Here the Germans created such rockets as the famous V-1 Buzz Bombs, and the mammoth V-2 which were really rocket-powered flying bombs. ConclusionIn this research, it has been demonstrated how all rocket engines work. It illustrates how propellants a re moved into a combustion chamber, and expelled at extremely high speeds. It shows the properties of efficiency, the basic measure by which all rockets are compared. It shows how efficiency is measure by specific impulse, which is calculated by the propellants exhaust velocity divided by g. It has given a basic comparison as to the efficiency of various rockets and has shown the reasons for being at their respective ranks. Also shown, is the pioneering of rocketry starting in the mid 1200s. All this has shown the basic properties of space propulsionBibliographyhttp://www.asi.org/adb/04/03/09/01/ the Rocket Engine Specifications page from the Artemis Project(http://www.asi.org/ ) Data Bookhttp://www.orbireport.com/Data.html-the Orbital Report News Agencys Launch Vehicle databasehttp://leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/home.html JPLs Mission ; Spacecraft Libraryhttp://solar.rtd.utk.edu/%7Emwade/spaceflt.htm Mark Wades Encyclopedia Astronauticahttp://www.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-ne wsref/stsref-toc.html The Space Shuttle Reference Manualhttp://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1/tech/sep.html Solar electric propulsion on the Deep Space 1 probe?Rockets? Sutton, George P Groliers Online EncyclopediaEngineering

Zoroaster Outline Essays

Zoroaster Outline Essays Zoroaster Outline Essay Zoroaster Outline Essay Essay Topic: The Satanic Verses Zoroastrianism l. Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion that was once widespread in the Near East and Middle East. (Molloy 438) A. It spread widely, but is now mostly present in India. (Molloy 438) B. Some see possible influence on the development of Essenes, early Christianity, and Islam. (Molloy 438) II. The prophet Zoroaster, the founder of the religion, was born about 650 BCE in what is now Iran. (Molloy 438) A. He was surrounded by the worship of nature gods, common to his area of upbringing. (Molloy 438) i. He did not believe in his religions practices of the sacrifice of animals at the fire ltars and the power of the priests. (Molloy 438) B. At age 30, Zoroaster experienced a vision which completely changed his life. (Molloy 438) i. He felt himself transported to heaven by a spirit he called Vohu Manah (good mind) into the presence of the High God Ahura Mazda (wise lord). (Molloy 438) C. Zoroasters new message was initially met with strong rejection, which he blamed on demons (daevas) and the satanic head of evil forces, Angra Mainyu (wicked spirit). (Molloy 438) i. His bitter experiences made him have further belief in good vs. evil. Molloy 438) D. Eventually Zoroasters teachings reached an Iranian King named Vishtaspa, and he used his power to spread Zoroasters new religion. (Molloy 438) Ill. Zoroastrianism has one sacred religious text, called The Avesta. (Boyce 238) A. It is supposed to be written by Zoroaster himself, and includes the seventeen Gathas (hymns), Yasna Haptanhaiti (Worship of the Seven Chapters, a short liturgy accompanying the daily act of priestly worship), and two very holy manthras. (Boyce 238) B. The entirety of The Avesta was written down in Iran, under the Sasanian ynasty, and was then a massive compilation in twenty-one books. (Boyce 238) C. Only a few copies were made, and in the destruction which later attended the Arab, Turkish, and Mongol conquests of Iran all were destroyed. (Boyce 238) D. The surviving Avesta consists of liturgies, hymns, and prayers. (Boyce 238) V. Zoroastrianism revolves around the war between good and evil, which are always present. (Hinnells 81) A. Zoroaster taught that God was the sole Good Creator of all things, of sun, moon and stars, of the spiritual and material worlds, of man and beast. Hinnells 81) B. He (Ahura Mazda) is in no way responsible for evil in the world; this comes from the Destructive Spirit (Angra Mainyu) whose nature is violent and destructive. (Hinnells) C. The world is a battleground in which the forces of good and evil do battle. (Hinnells) D. The spirit of light and good in the world is known as Spenta Mainyu (holy spirit ). (Molloy 438) V. Zoroastrianism has belief of divine Judgement and in an afterlife of reward or punishment, which begins at death. (Molloy 438) A. During life, humans are involved in a cosmic struggle between good and evil. Molloy 438) a) These good actions may consist of: telling the truth, dealing honestly with others, cultivating farmland, and treating animals kindly. (Molloy 438) B. Final Judgement begins at death when an individuals soul must cross a bridge that can lead to paradise. (Molloy 438) i. If the individual has been good, the bridge is wide and the Journey to paradise is easy; but if the individual has been evil, the bridge becomes so narrow that the soul falls deep into the depths of hell. (Molloy 438) C. There is also a belief in the end of all times. (Molloy 438) i. When the world comes to an end, there will be a resurrection of all bodies and a great general Judgement; at this time the world will be purified by fire, which will punish the evil but leave the good untouched. (Molloy 438) VI. Zoroastrianism has long been a highly ritualistic religion. (Molloy 438) A. A Zoroastrian has the duty to pray five times daily (at sunrise, noon, sunset, midnight, and dawn) in the presence of fire, the symbol of righteousness. (Boyce 247) i. He prays standing, and while uttering the appointed prayers (which include verses from he Gathas) unties and reties the kutsi. Boyce 247) a) The kutsi is a sacred cord, which should be worn constantly. (Boyce 247) B. Ceremonies at death are considered very important and have a double aim: to isolate the impurity of the dead body and give help to the soul. (Boyce 249) i. The body is wrapped into a cotton shroud and carried on an iron bier, and after due prayers by priests, to a stone tower (dakhma), where the polluting f lesh is quickly eaten by vultures and the bones are bleached by sun and wind. (Boyce 249) it. Mourners ollow the bier at a distance, two by two, and afterwards make ablutions. Boyce 249) Molloy, Michael. Zoroastrianism. Experiencing the Worlds Religions: Tradition, Challenge, and Change/ Michael Molloy. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2013. 438-439. Print. Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrianism. The Penguin Handbook of the Worlds Living Religions/ Ed. John R. Hinnells. Strand: Penguin Group, 2010. 238-249. Print Hinnells, John. The Cosmic Battle: Zoroastrianism. Eerdmans Handbook to the Worlds Religions/ Ed. R. Pierce Beaver. Herts: Lion Publishing, 1982. 80-87. Print.

The Issues for TFL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Issues for TFL - Essay Example London being named as the official host of Paralympics and Olympic games, also presented a great challenge to the transport sector of London. Due to the number of people that will use the transport sector and to be in particular, tubes and buses, the transport route must be both effective and efficient. This paper explain how the adoption of Google maps technology in the form of an innovation to make TFL effective and efficient. To work out this, Google maps have been integrated into the transport system. With the implementation of Google maps, there will be saving of time due to excellent organization and information between the transport users and the transport sector. Introduction Google map is a service that involves mapping technology and application by Google, freely that empowers services that are based on maps. It deals in street maps as route planner used by trekkers, public transport and a locator for urban business in many countries. Google maps give high resolution satell ite or aerial images in most urban areas. Various countries have complained that terrorists have invaded the use of Google in locating their target sites (Mitchell, 2010). Up to four transportation modes are available in any given area. Like many application of Google web, it makes a great use of java script. As the map is dragged by the users, there is the downloading of the grid squares from the server and into the page. In search of a business by the users, results are then downloaded for insertion at the background into the map and side panel. Locations are dynamically drawn by placing a red pin at the map images top. Google maps can also be customized by the introduction of tools into its interface. Using the map images and core engine can introduce location of customized icons. The grease monkey, an insertion tool, provide scripts on the client side which are large numbers hence data in the Google map is customized. After having a rough idea of implementation of Google maps an d their customization, the integration into the transport sector of London can be possible. This is especially in the buses and tubes routes. Advantages and disadvantages of Google maps The main advantage of using Google maps is that it provides a variety of map views that it supplies. These include a view of the terrain, view of satellite image and the normal one and this depend on the user need. According to this paper, the variety can be used in TFL effectively. This is because uses of bus and tubes will be effective as the networking of these two can be viewed by the three viewers. This makes the users to be aware of the position of a particular bus or tube hence efficiency in time. Google map also provides multiple destinations of routes for instance in the transport sector. TFL with the help of Google maps, especially during the time of Olympics, will be vital in essence that there will be the presence of a lot of people and availability of routes to ply on the Google maps in the tools will be of great help (Wilson, 2009). Another advantage is that Google maps provide for simplicity. This is because it is easier and simple for a user to install the Google maps in a gadget as the criteria is very clear. The last advantage is that one can choose a travel type. This implies that, one is in a position to choose which mode of transport to use, buses or tubes. Although, Google maps have advantages, there are also disadvantages that are accompanied by it. The main disadvantage

Security Technology Firewalls and VPN Coursework

Security Technology Firewalls and VPN - Coursework Example In my research, i came about Comodo internet security, pc tools firewall plus free edition and zonealarm free firewall that are the best firewalls to be used at present because they are very light, cheap, easy to maintain as some of them like comodo has combined its antivirus program with firewall pro hence free security program for everyone. A virtual private network (VPN) spreads secluded network across a public network, for instance the internet. It makes telecommunication possible, practical and secure (Stewart p. 87). Extranets are said to be border networks quietly similar to DMZ because resources are accessed by outside entities. On the other hand, Stewart (p. 87) adds that an extranet is not open for free usage but by specific sets of people. This, however states that a VPN configuration is necessary to get access to the extranet and therefore with this, extranets are both possible and practical. There might be factors one has to consider for both the internal and external firewalls to allow a remote user to access an internal machine from the internet using Timbuktu as in this case shown above.One should be able to use a router that can handle inbound a well as outbound packet filtering on each interface.You can create a default deny to reject packets,then deny inbound traffic to come f internal address while t outer does not.You can also deny all traffic with invalid addresses as well as all traffic with source routes. Again,deny all ICMP traffic over good size and lastly, reassemble fragments into entire packets. In this network architecture, it is also easy to create a DMZ just between the two firewalls. It will clearly show that the outside world can go through layers therefore easier to hit the DMZ and presumably what is there is at a lower risk. Multiple layers of firewalls are more secure even though it seems to be very difficult